Table 1.

Sestrin family of proteins, their regulators, and cellular effects.

Isoforms of Sestrin	Regulators	Effects on cell signaling
Sestrin1 (SESN1)	p53	(i) ROS inhibition via upregulation of antioxidants [1, 3, 7] (ii) Activation of AMPK pathway [1, 3, 8] (iii) Downregulation of mTOR pathway [1, 3, 6, 9] (iv) Induction of autophagy [1, 3, 7, 10] (v) Protective role against cancer [11–13], metabolic and cardiovascular diseases [14–16], and neurodegenerative disorders [17–20]
Sestrin2 (SESN2)	p53 Nrf2 AP-1
Sestrin3 (SESN3)	AP-1 FoxO1 FoxO3