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. 2017 May 12;7(7):2003–2014. doi: 10.7150/thno.19404

Figure 4.

Figure 4

In vitro studies of FLS toxicity. (a) Cytotoxicity assay of FLS cells treated with (S)-Ket (™, IC50 = 159 μg/mL), l-VEVE-(S)-Ket (£, IC50 = 223 μg/mL), and d-VEVE-(S)-Ket (¯, IC50 = 278 μg/mL) for 48 h. The effect on IL-1 (b) and TNFα (c) production by FLS cells treated with (S)-Ket, l-VEVE-(S)-Ket, and d-VEVE-Ket. (d) Induction of apoptosis on FLS cells treated with Ket, l-VEVE-(S)-Ket, and d-VEVE-(S)-Ket. All experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 3). Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant differences calculated by one-way ANOVA test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.