Table 2.
Cereal foods consumed by Western Australian adults, Western Australian Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series (NMSS)
| 1995 % [CI] | 1998 % [CI] | 2001 % [CI] | 2004 % [CI] | 2009 % [CI] | 2012 % [CI] | p valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion consuming | |||||||
| Bread (n = 7040) | 88.4 [86.1,90.3] | 87.2 [84.7,89.4] | 82.9 [80.2,85.3] | 78.5 [75.6,81.2] | 75.9 [72.8,78.7] | 70.4 [67.4,73.2] | <.001 |
| Breakfast cereal (n = 7043) | 51.9 [48.4,55.3] | 46.7 [43.4,50.0] | 48 [44.6,51.4] | 50.5 [47.1,53.9] | 50.6 [47.3,53.9] | 51.2 [48.0,54.3] | .36 |
| Rice (n = 7037) | 22.7 [19.8,25.8] | 21.3 [18.7,24.2] | 22.0 [19.3,24.9] | 25.2 [22.3,28.4] | 27.5 [24.5,30.7] | 25.7 [23.1,28.6] | .02 |
| Bread substitute (n = 7042) | 21.6 [18.9,24.5] | 21.1 [18.5,23.8] | 20.4 [17.9,23.1] | 24.1 [21.4,27.1] | 21.7 [19.2,24.5] | 21.7 [19.1,24.5] | .64 |
| Pasta (n = 7038) | 19 [16.5,21.7] | 22.5 [19.9,25.5] | 25.2 [22.3,28.3] | 22.1 [19.4,25.1] | 20.3 [17.8,23.0] | 19.1 [16.7,21.8] | .03 |
| Main type of bread (consumers only, n = 5589) | <.001 | ||||||
| White | 42.4 [38.8,46.1] | 46.9 [43.3,50.4] | 58 [54.4,61.5] | 47.9 [44.1,51.7] | 30.3 [27.0,33.9] | 31.5 [28.1,35.1] | |
| Brown or wholemeal | 28.9 [25.7,32.3] | 23.4 [20.7,26.4] | 15.7 [13.4,18.3] | 22.9 [19.9,26.2] | 26.4 [23.3,29.8] | 24.2 [21.1,27.6] | |
| Multigrain or whole-grain | 17.1 [14.5,20.0] | 18.6 [16.1,21.4] | 11.9 [9.8,14.4] | 19.3 [16.5,22.4] | 36.7 [33.1,40.4] | 35.1 [31.6,38.8] | |
| White with extra fibre | 8.8 [7.0,11.1] | 8.7 [6.9,10.9] | 8.4 [6.6,10.7] | 5.6 [4.0,7.8] | 2.7 [1.8,3.9] | 6.0 [4.6,7.8] | |
| Other | 2.8 [1.9,4.2] | 2.4 [1.6,3.6] | 6.1 [4.6,8.0] | 4.3 [3.1,6.2] | 3.9 [2.8,5.5] | 3.2 [2.2,4.7] | |
| Type of rice consumed (consumers only, n = 1511) | .46 | ||||||
| White | 87.5 [82.2,91.4] | 87.3 [82.0,91.2] | 85.7 [79.4,90.4] | 88.2 [82.6,92.2] | 89.9 [86.0,92.8] | 85.3 [80.5,89.1] | |
| Brown | 12.5 [8.6,17.8] | 11.5 [7.7,16.7] | 11.7 [7.5,17.7] | 10.5 [6.7,15.9] | 8.3 [5.7,12.0] | 13.2 [9.6,17.8] | |
| Both | 0 | 1.2 [0.4,3.8] | 2.6 [1.0,6.4] | 1.3 [0.4,4.3] | 1.8 [0.9,3.8] | 1.5 [0.7,3.4] | |
| Type of pasta consumed (consumers only, n = 1382) | .48 | ||||||
| Regular | 91.9 [86.8,95.2] | 91.7 [87.0,94.8] | 95.3 [91.8,97.4] | 96.5 [92.2,98.5] | 92.7 [88.0,95.6] | 90.7 [86.3,93.8] | |
| Wholemeal | 6.5 [3.7,11.2] | 7.3 [4.4,11.9] | 3.2 [1.6,6.4] | 3.3 [1.3,7.7] | 6.4 [3.6,10.9] | 7.8 [4.9,12.1] | |
| Both | 1.6 [0.4,5.7] | 1 [0.2,3.8] | 1.4 [0.5,4.0] | 0.2 [0.0,1.5] | 1 [0.2,4.0] | 1.5 [0.6,3.6] | |
| Proportion consuming whole-grain cereals (brown bread, wholemeal bread, multigrain bread, whole-grain bread, brown rice, wholemeal pasta, n = 7044) | |||||||
| No whole-grain cereals | 51.1 [47.6,54.5] | 54.6 [51.3,57.9] | 65.6 [62.3,68.6] | 53.0 [49.6,56.3] | 38.2 [35.0,41.6] | 37.2 [44.6,47.5] | <.001 |
| Any whole-grain cereals | 42.5 [39.1,45.9] | 39.0 [35.8,42.2] | 25.6 [22.8,28.5] | 34.4 [31.3, 37.6] | 49.9 [42.6, 48.9] | 45.7 [42.6, 48.9] | |
| Missing data | 6.4 [5.8,8.2] | 6.4 [4.9,8.3] | 8.9 [7.1,11.0] | 12.7 [10.6,15.0] | 11.9 [10.0,14.0] | 17.1 [14.8,19.6] | |
| Amount consumed (among consumers) a | |||||||
| Bread (slices), n = 5590 | 4.1 [3.7,4.4] | 4.1 [4,4.3] | 3.2 [3,3.4] | 3.1 [3,3.2] | 3.5 [2.1,4.8] | 2.4 [2.3,2.5] | <.001 |
| Bread substitute (serve), n = 1600 | 2.4 [2.0,2.7] | 2.7 [2.2,3.2] | 3.2 [2.7,3.6] | 3.6 [2.9,4.3] | 3.7 [2.9,4.5] | 3.6 [3.0,4.3] | <.001 |
| Rice (cups), n = 1768 | 1.5 [1.3,1.6] | 1.4 [1.3,1.5] | 1.4 [1.3,1.5] | 1.3 [1.2,1.5] | 1.1 [1.0,1.2] | 1.1 [1.0,1.2] | <.001 |
| Pasta (cups), n = 1439 | 1.5 [1.4,1.7] | 1.5 [1.4,1.7] | 1.8 [1.6,2.0] | 1.4 [1.3,1.6] | 1.3 [1.2,1.4] | 1.3 [1.2,1.4] | <.001 |
| Cereal (cups), n = 3552 | 1.9 [1.8,2.1] | 1.9 [1.8,2] | 2.1 [1.9,2.3] | 2.0 [1.8,2.2] | 1.8 [1.7,2] | 1.8 [1.7,1.9] | .07 |
Results are survey design-based percentage and except a in which results are mean. b P values were derived from survey design-based Pearson chi square test for comparisons for difference in prevalence, and Bonferroni test for difference in mean. “NA” data were not available. Among bread consumers, the median serve of bread consumed was 2 serves [interquartile range 2–4], with 2 [2, 3] of female, and 3 [2–4] of male. Among bread substitute consumers, the median serve of bread consumed was 2 serves [interquartile range 2–4], and the same with male and female