Table 3.
Factors associated with self-reported cereal food consumption (bread and alternatives, rice, pasta, breakfast cereal, wholegrain versions) on day prior to survey, Western Australian Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series (NMSS)
| Consumed on the day prior | Bread and alternatives (n = 7040) | Rice (n = 6629) | Pasta (n = 6654) | Breakfast cereal (n = 7009) | Whole-grain versions (n = 6178) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | |
| Year of survey | |||||
| 1995 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1998 | 0.86 [0.64,1.16] | 0.90 [0.70,1.17] | 1.22 [0.95,1.56] | 0.77 [0.64,0.94]a | 0.81 [0.66,0.99]a |
| 2001 | 0.61 [0.46,0.81]c | 0.90 [0.69,1.17] | 1.41 [1.10,1.81]b | 0.82 [0.67,1.01] | 0.44 [0.35,0.54]c |
| 2004 | 0.46 [0.35,0.60]c | 1.01 [0.85,1.43] | 1.20 [0.93,1.55] | 0.86 [0.71,1.06] | 0.69 [0.56,0.86]c |
| 2009 | 0.42 [0.32,0.54]c | 1.27 [0.97,1.65] | 1.02 [0.79,1.32] | 0.79 [0.65,0.97]a | 1.27 [1.02,1.58]a |
| 2012 | 0.31 [0.24,0.40]c | 1.17 [0.90,1.52] | 0.99 [0.76,1.27] | 0.72 [0.58,0.90]b | 1.14 [0.91,1.41] |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Male | 1.44 [1.23,1.68]c | 1.18 [1.04,1.34]a | |||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 | 0.95 [0.70,1.30] | 1.02 [0.80,1.30] | 1.03 [0.79,1.35] | ||
| 35–44 | 0.81 [0.61,1.09] | 0.97 [0.77,1.23] | 1.05 [0.82,1.36] | ||
| 45–54 | 0.85 [0.62,1.15] | 1.13 [0.89,1.45] | 1.32 [1.01,1.72]a | ||
| 55–64 | 0.60 [0.43,0.84]c | 1.59 [1.23,2.05]c | 1.74 [1.33,2.28]c | ||
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High school | 1.27 [1.00,1.61]a | 1.30 [1.09,1.55]b | 1.19 [0.97,1.45] | ||
| TAFE/Certificate/Diploma | 1.07 [0.83,1.36] | 1.35 [1.13,1.62]c | 1.23 [1.01,1.50]a | ||
| University Degree | 1.56 [1.27,1.92]c | 1.39 [1.19,1.63]c | 1.67 [1.41,1.98]c | ||
| Currently in paid employment | |||||
| No | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.84 [0.73,0.97]a | ||||
| Country of birth | |||||
| Australia | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| UK/Ireland | 1.00 [0.81,1.23] | 0.74 [0.60,0.92]b | 1.10 [0.94,1.29] | ||
| Other countries | 2.90 [2.37,3.56]c | 0.91 [0.73,1.14] | 0.77 [0.65,0.92]b | ||
| Residential area | |||||
| Metropolitan | 1.00 | ||||
| Rest of the state | 0.83 [0.70,0.99]a | ||||
| BMI category | |||||
| Normal weight or under | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Overweight | 1.01 [0.84,1.21] | 0.81 [0.68,0.98]a | |||
| Obese | 0.71 [0.57,0.87]c | 0.78 [0.63,0.96]a | |||
| Level of attention paid to health aspect of diet | |||||
| Pay a lot of attention | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Take a bit of notice | 0.79 [0.70,0.90]c | 0.54 [0.47,0.61]c | |||
| Don’t think about | 0.38 [0.29,0.49]c | 0.33 [0.25,0.45]c | |||
Results are odds ratio (OR) from binary logistic regressions. a p < .05; b p < .01; c p < .001. Full models include the following variables: survey years, age group, sex, education level, household income, employment status, country of birth, residential area, BMI categories, and how they felt about health aspect of their diet. Variables with p value < .05 were retained in the final models and reported in the table with the exception of survey year which remained in final models regardless its significant level