Figure 5.

Antibacterial activities of ZnO@CA nanoparticles against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Antibacterial activities of the ZnO@CA nanoparticles against (a) Escherichia coli; (b) Staphylococcus aureus; (c) MRSA-1; (d) MRSA-2 (clinically isolated strain); and (e) MRSA-3 (clinically isolated strain). The killing efficiencies of the ZnO@CA nanoparticles against five bacterial strains, including clinical isolates of MRSA strains, are shown. The strains were incubated with the various concentrations of ZnO@CA nanoparticles and CA for 24 h. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (n = 6), as determined by the Student’s t-test. p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005 vs. control).