Table 3. TMRCA among P. vivax isolates estimated by t = D/2R.

Genes	Length	n	Estimated mutation rates for 1.4 Myr	TMRCA (1.4 Myr)	Estimated mutation rates for 2.1 Myr	TMRCA (2.1 Myr)	Estimated mutation rates for 2.5 Myr	TMRCA (2.5 Myr)
DHFR	709	11	1.23 × 10-7	17,114	8.21 × 10-8	25,639	6.90 × 10-8	30,507
β-tubulin	1185	8	4.78 × 10-8	46,653	3.18 × 10-8	70,126	2.67 × 10-8	83,521
Pvs25	660	10	3.82 × 10-8	56,414	2.55 × 10-8	84,510	2.14 × 10-8	100,701
CDC-2	775	7	5.70 × 10-8	74,123	3.80 × 10-8	111,184	3.19 × 10-8	132,445
Weighted average				45,680		68,512		81,607

Length, sequence length in base pairs; n, number of sequences. TMRCA estimates are based on the radiation of the major Macaca lineages as explained in the text. The estimated mutation rates are expressed in substitutions per site per year. Averages are weighted by the number of sequences employed for each locus.