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Interactive probing of redox activity. (a) Analogy to sonar. (b) Electrochemical probing using (i) redox mediators to both transduce electrical-redox I/O and transmit redox signals, (ii) complex I/O to tailor interactive probing, and (iii) redox capacitor to modify redox I/O to facilitate interpretation. (c) Fabrication of catechol-chitosan redox-capacitor by (i) cathodic electrodeposition of chitosan, and (ii) anodic oxidative-grafting of catechol moieties.
