Table 1.

Genes frequently methylated in cholangiocarcinoma.

Gene	Function	Sample	Reference
MLH1	DNA repair	tissue	[14,15]
DCLK1	stemness	tissue	[16]
CDO1	growth	tissue	[16]
ZSCAN18	unknown	tissue	[16]
ZNF331	growth invasion	tissue	[16]
p14 (ARF)	cell cycle regulator	tissue	[17,18,19]
p16 (INK4a, CDKN2A)	cell cycle regulator	tissue QBC939 cell line	[17,18,19,20,21]
DAPK	apoptosis	tissue QBC939 cell line	[19,20,22]
CCND2	growth	bile fluid	[23]
CDH13	growth invasion	bile fluid	[23]
GRIN2B	growth	bile fluid	[23]
RUNX3	growth differentiation	bile fluid	[23]
TWIST1	migration invasion	bile fluid	[23]
EGFR	growth	Mz-ChA-1 cell line	[24]
LKB1	growth migration invasion	tissue HuH-28 cell line RBE cell line SSP-25 cell line	[25]