Table 2.
In vivo and in vitro studies using modified exosomes for cancer therapy.
| Exosome Source | Setting | Therapeutic Agent | Tumour Model | Study Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney cells (HEK293) | In Vivo | GE11 peptide + Let-7a | Breast | Tumor targeted delivery of Let-7a suppressed tumour growth | [27] |
| Dendritic cells | In Vivo | Lamp2b fused to αγ iRGD peptide + DOX | Breast | Significant inhibition of tumour growth, with no overt toxicity | [28] |
| Kidney cells (HEK293T) | In Vivo | Lamp2b IL3 + Imatinib or BCR-ABL siRNA | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | IL3L surface improved tumor targeting. IL3L-Imatinib: reduced tumor size; IL3L BCR-ABL siRNA: slower tumor growth | [29] |
| Breast cancer (Hs578T) | In Vitro | miR-134 | Breast | Increased miR-134 significantly reduced STAT5B, Hsp90 and Bcl-2 levels resulting in reduced cellular proliferation | [32] |
| HUVECs | In Vitro | Pre/anti-miR-503 | Breast | Increased miR-503 decreased both proliferation and invasion. | [33] |
| Leukemia cells (THP-1) | In Vivo | miR-143 | Colon | Increased miR-143 levels in tumours resulted in suppression of growth. | [34] |
| AMSCs | In Vivo | miR-122 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Cancer cells were rendered sensitive to chemotherapy through miR-122 expression | [35] |
| MSCs | In Vivo | miR-146b | Glioma | Intra-tumoural exosome injection significantly reduced tumour volume | [36] |
| Mouse colon (CT26) & breast (TA3HA) | In Vivo | hMUC1 | Colon | Tumour size was reduced by MUC-1. CT26-MUC-1 higher dose and TA3HA-MUC-1 lower dose showed best results. | [37] |
| Lung cancer (A549) | In Vivo | Rab27a | Adenocarcinoma | Immunization with Rab27a significantly inhibited tumour growth, with similar results seen in pre-established tumours | [38] |
| Mouse Bone Marrow Cells | In Vivo | α-Galactosylceramide | Melanoma | Induced an early iNKT-cell response, dendritic cell, MZB cell activation as well as NK- and T-cell activation and proliferation | [39] |
| MSCs | In Vitro | Anti-miR-9 | Glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM) | Reverse expression of miR-9 sensitized the GBM cells to TMZ which increased cell death and caspase activity | [40] |
| Colon (LS-174T) | In Vitro | IL-18 | Colon | Exo/IL-18 can chemoattract DCs and T cells which induces IFN-γ augmented release of IL-2 and promoted T-cell proliferation | [41] |
| Mouse thymoma (E.G7-OVA) | In Vivo | Ovalbumin, IL-2 | Thymoma | Induced antigen specific Th1-polarized immune response and CTL more efficiently resulting in tumour regression | [42] |
| Leukemia (K562) | In Vivo | TRAIL | B Lymphoma; Melanoma | Inhibition of tumour growth was seen in both groups, although not significantly in the melanoma group | [30] |
| MSC | In Vitro | TRAIL | Variety of cancer cell lines | Induction of apoptosis in range of cancer cell lines, including some TRAIL resistant cells. Effect enhanced through use of CDK9 inhibitor. | [31] |
Abbreviations: Dox—Doxorubicin; AMSC—Adipose derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells; HUVEC—Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; TRAIL—Tumour Necrosis Factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand.