Table 3.

Epigenetic modifications in hypertension.

Epigenetic Modification	Findings/Effectors	Reference
DNA methylation	Amount of 5mC in DNA inversely proportional to BP levels	Smolarek et al. [57]
	HSD11B2 promoter methylation associated with HTN onset at young age	Friso et al. [58]
	RAA system gene hypomethylation associated with HTN in offspring, BP regulation and ACE inhibitor response.	Goyal et al. [59] Pei et al. [61] Rivière et al. [62]
	Hypomethylation of SIC2A2 associated with NKCC1 overexpression, Na+ reabsorption and HTN.	Lee et al. [60]
Histones acetylation/deacetylation	Acetylation/deacetylation of endothelial cells nucleosomes regulate eNOS expression	Fish et al. [63]
	Nucleosomes modifications regulate ACE transcription	Lee et al. [64]
	Nucleosomes modifications regulate NKCC1 transcription and sodium renal reabsorption	Cho et al. [65]
	WNK4 down-regulation determines histones acetylation and NCC overexpression.	Mu et al. [66]
Non coding RNA	miR-27a and -27b down-regulate ACE1 mRNA	Goyal et al. [59]
	miR-155 down-regulate AGTR1 mRNA	Cheng et al. [67]
	miR-181a and -663 down-regulate renin mRNA and are under-expressed in HTN-patients	Marquez et al. [68]
	miR-425 down-regulate NNPA, leading to ANP under-production and salt overload	Arora et al. [69]

5mC, 5-methil-cytosine. BP, blood pressure. HSD11B2, hydroxysteroid 11-β dehydrogenase 2. HTN, hypertension. RAA, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme. NKCC1, Na-K-Cl co-transporter 1. eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase. NCC, NaCl co-transporter. miR, microRNA. AGTR1, angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ANP, Atrial natriuretic peptide. Modified from Wise et al. [10].