Table 9.

Main active compounds of Rosa spp. extracts and their application in human diseases.

Phytochemical	Disease of Application	Mechanism of Action	References
Ascorbic acid	Cancer	Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant	Jiménez et al. [21]
	Aging	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect Contribution to skin and collagen formation	Phetcharat et al. [181]
	Arthritis rheumatoid	Inhibition of NO release from macrophages	Kirkeskov et al. [101] Kim et al. [111] Schwager et al. [108]
	Osteoporosis	Stimulation osteoblast differentiation and matrix synthesis	Devareddy et al. [124] Adom et al. [125]
Polysaccharides	Cancer	Induction of cytotoxicity in reduction of cancer metastasis by reducing the levels of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9)	Guo et al. [96] Lee et al. [97]
Polysaccharide-peptide complex and other polymers	Retroviral infection	Inhibition of viral retrotranscriptase	Fu et al. [212]
Myricetin	Alzheimer	Inhibition of amyloid β formation and tau-antagonist activity	Semwal et al. [167] DeToma et al. [168]
Quercetin	Age spots	Inhibition of tyrosinase	Fujii et al. [180]
Gallic acid	Arthritis Rheumatoid	Reestablishment IκBα and NF-κB association	Choi et al. [116]
	Diabetes	Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase	Ghadyale et al. [138]
Ellagic acid	Cancer	Anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effect	Festa et al. [29] Whitley et al. [30]
	Bacterial infections	Downregulation of polyphosphatase kinase 1 (PPK1)	Sarabhai et al. [198]
Tellimagrandin I	Bacterial infections	Inhibition of penicillin binding protein 2′ (PBP2) and enhancement of β-lactam antibiotics effect	Shiota et al. [199]
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues	Acute myeloid leukemia	Induction of differentiation	Zhamanbayeva et al. [88] Corcoran et al. [89] Baurska et al. [90]
Tannin RM-3	Atopic dermatitis	Anti-inflammatory activity (reduction of the levels of cyclooxygenase 2 mediators and inducible nitric oxide synthase) Suppression Th2-polarized immune system	Wang et al. [176] Park et al. [177]
Unidentified phenols	Bacterial infections	Membrane permeabilisation, extracellular enzymes inhibition, nutrient and energy deprivation by an hyperacidification of plasma membrane interface that disrupts H+-ATPase	Olech et al. [195]
	Dysbiosis	Specific inhibition of pathogenic bacteria growth	Kamijo et al. [207]
	Prostate cancer	Anti-histone acetyltransferase activity	Lee et al. [91] Takayama et al. [92]
	Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pyelonephritis	Urease inhibitor	Hassan et al. [205] Bai et al. [204]
Isoflavonoid phytoestrogen	Cancer	Stimulation of growing oestrogen dependent cells	Uifălean et al. [87]
Flavonoids	Obesity	Reduction of PPARγ expression, and prevention of lipid accumulation	Ninomiya et al. [140] Nagatomo et al. [151]
	Epilepsy	Reduction of lipid peroxidation and anticonvulsive effect	Diniz et al. [170] Homayoun et al. [171] Uttara et al. [172]
Triterpenoic acids, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and betulinic acid	Arthritis Reumatoid	Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2	Jäger et al. [109] Wenzing et al. [110]
Lycopene and other carotenes	Bacterial infections	Anti-H. pylori activity	Horváth et al. [200]
trans-Tiliroside	Hyperlipidaemia	Reduction of reduced plasma and liver triglyceride free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) expression	Ninomiya et al. [140]
Polyunsaturated fatty acid ω-3, 6 and 9	Hyperlipidaemia	Reduction of TG synthesis, reduction of the expression of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG, hepatic lipase and Apo CIII and increase Apo CII and VLDL-receptor	Adkins et al. [144]
Galactolipids GOPO (1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol)	Arthritis Rheumatoid	Reduction in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes migration Reduction in the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)	Larsen et al. [61] Kharazmi et al. [102] Whinter et al. [105]
Unidentified compounds from whole extract	Arthritis rheumatoid	Inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis	Cheng et al. [120]
	Diabetes	Hypoglycemic effect and induction of β-cell proliferation	Taghizadeh et al. [134] Fattahi et al. [137]
	Acute kidney injury Diabetic nephropathy	Anti-inflammatory effect Reduction of ROS levels	Zhao et al. [155] Zhou et al. [157]
	Peptic ulcer	Antioxidant effect	Nazıroğlu et al. [175]
	Depression	Antioxidant effect	Nazıroğlu et al. [175]
	Antiviral	Inhibition of viral invasion capacity	McCutcheon et al. [65]
Unidentified components from fruit extract	Hepatic injuries	Reduction of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids	Carlo et al. [187] Meli et al. [188]
Unidentified components from root extract	Atopic dermatitis	Anti-inflammatory (reduction of cyclooxygenase 2 inducible nitric oxide synthase levels) Suppression Th2-polarized immune system	Park et al. [177]
Unidentified components from leaf extract	Diarrhoeal	Anti-secretory activity, inhibition of acetylcholine and histamine activity	Carlo et al. [187] Meli et al. [188] Rao et al. [186]
Unidentified components from rose powder	Wrinkles	Antioxidant effect: scavenging of reactive oxygen species produced by UV-radiation and decrease of matrix metalloprotease proteins levels	Phetcharat et al. [181] Jeo et al. [183]