Figure 3.

Flowchart of an integrated lignin nanoparticles production into a lignocellulosic biorefinery. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted for 72 h at a solid loading of 2 wt/vol % using Cellic Ctec3 (40 mg_enzyme/g_glucan). Lignin extraction was conducted at a very mild condition (2 wt/vol %, 3 h, 80 °C) by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before subsequent dialysis at room temperature. The dialysis was continued until no DMSO trace was detected in the wastewater. Reprinted with permission from Tian et al. [44]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.