. 2017 Jun 16;18(6):1283. doi: 10.3390/ijms18061283

Table 14.

Antimicrobial activities of spices against several common microorganisms.

Bacteria and Fungi	Spices	Type of Samples	Reference
E. coli	Clove	Aqueous extract	[18]
		Acetone extract	[27]
		EO	[23,30,31]
		Ethyl acetate extract	[27]
		Ethyl heptanoate extract	[30]
		Methanol extract	[27]
		Powder	[19,29]
	Oregano	Aqueous extract	[40]
		EO	[36,44,47,49]
		EO-rich fractions	[35]
	Thyme	Decoction	[62]
		EO	[51,52,60]
		Hydroalcoholic extract	[62]
		Hydrosol	[56]
		Infusion	[62]
	Cinnamon	Acetone extract	[27]
		Aqueous extract	[75]
		Diethyl ether extract	[76]
		EO	[78,79]
		Ethyl acetate extract	[27]
		Hydrosol	[56]
		Methanol extract	[27]
		Powder	[71]
	Cumin	EO	[80,81,83,85,86,87,88,89]
	Rosemary	Aqueous extract	[93]
		EO	[88,92]
		Ethanol extract	[93,94,95]
		Hexane extract	[93]
	Garlic	Acetone extract	[105]
		Aqueous extract	[103]
		Ethanol extract	[104,105]
		Hexane extract	[105]
		Powder	[99]
	Ginger	Aqueous extract	[103]
	Basil	Acetone extract	[114]
		Chloroform extract	[114]
		EO	[113,116]
		Methanol extract	[114]
	Fennel	Crude extract	[121]
		EO	[121,122]
		Ethanol extract	[123]
		Methanol extract	[123]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Hexane extract	[134]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
		EO	[137]
		Ethanol extract	[138]
S. aureus	Clove	Acetone extract	[27]
		Aqueous extract	[18]
		EO	[30,31,32]
		Ethanol extract	[24]
		Ethyl heptanoate extract	[30,31]
		Methanol extract	[27]
		Powder	[19,29]
	Oregano	EO	[36,41,47]
	Oregano	EO-rich fractions	[35]
	Thyme	Decoction	[62]
		EO	[51,52]
		Hydroalcoholic extract	[62]
		Infusion	[62]
	Cinnamon	Acetone extract	[27]
		Aqueous extract	[75]
		Diethyl ether extract	[76]
		EO	[72,78,79]
		Ethyl acetate extract	[27]
		Hydrosol	[56]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cumin	EO	[80,81,83,86,88,89]
	Rosemary	EO	[88,92]
		Ethanol extract	[94,97]
		Hexane extract	[93]
	Garlic	Aqueous extract	[98]
		Acetone extract	[105]
		Ethanol extract	[104,105]
		Hexane extract	[105]
		Powder	[99]
	Basil	Acetone extract	[114]
		Chloroform extract	[114]
		EO	[113,116]
		Methanol extract	[114]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Ethanol extract	[93]
		Hexane extract	[93,134]
		Methanol	[133]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
		EO	[137]
		Ethanol extract	[138]
L. monocytogenes	Clove	Ethanol extract	[24,25]
		Ethyl heptanoate extract	[30,31]
		EO	[30,31]
	Oregano	EO	[49]
	Thyme	EO	[60]
	Cinnamon	EO	[78,79]
	Cumin	EO	[89]
	Rosemary	Aqueous extract	[93]
		Ethanol extract	[93,94,95,97]
		Hexane extract	[93]
	Garlic	Aqueous extract	[103]
	Ginger	EO	[111]
	Basil	Acetone extract	[114]
		Chloroform	[114]
		EO	[116]
		Methanol extract	[114]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
	Galangal	Ethanol extract	[93]
	Galangal	Hexane extract	[93,134]
S. typhimurium	Clove	EO	[23,30,31]
		Ethyl heptanoate extract	[30]
		Powder	[29]
	Oregano	Extract	[34]
	Thyme	EO	[60,52]
	Thyme	Hydrosol	[56]
	Cumin	EO	[86,89]
	Rosemary	Aqueous extract	[93]
		EO	[92]
		Ethanol extract	[93]
		Hexane extract	[93]
	Garlic	Powder	[99]
	Basil	EO	[116]
	Fennel	EO	[121,122]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Hexane extract	[134]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
	Black pepper	EO	[137]
P. aeruginosa	Clove	Acetone extract	[27]
		EO	[32]
		Ethyl acetate extract	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Oregano	EO-rich fractions	[35]
	Thyme	Decoction	[62]
		EO	[51,53,57]
		Hydroalcoholic extract	[62]
		Infusion	[62]
	Cinnamon	Diethyl ether extract	[76]
		EO	[79]
		Hydrosol	[56]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cumin	EO	[83,87]
	Rosemary	EO	[92]
	Rosemary	Ethanol extract	[94]
	Ginger	EO	[108]
	Basil	Acetone extract	[114]
		Chloroform	[114]
		EO	[116]
		Methanol extract	[114]
	Fennel	EO	[121]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
	Black pepper	EO	[137]
B. subtilis	Oregano	Aqueous extract	[40]
	Oregano	EO-rich fractions	[35]
	Thyme	EO	[51]
	Thyme	Hydrosol	[55]
	Cinnamon	EO	[79]
	Rosemary	EO	[92]
	Garlic	Hydrosol	[55]
	Ginger	EO	[108]
	Basil	EO	[113]
	Fennel	EO	[121]
		Ethanol extract	[123]
		Methanol extract	[123]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
		EO	[137]
		Ethanol extract	[138]
B. cereus	Clove	EO	[23,30,31]
	Clove	Ethyl heptanoate extract	[30]
	Oregano	EO	[36]
	Thyme	EO	[60]
	Cinnamon	EO	[78,79]
	Cumin	EO	[80,86,89]
	Rosemary	Ethanol extract	[94]
	Garlic	Powder	[99]
	Basil	EO	[116]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[137]
	Black pepper	EO	[137]
E. faecalis	Cinnamon	Diethyl ether extract	[76]
	Cumin	EO	[86,88]
	Rosemary	EO	[88]
	Basil	EO	[116]
	Fennel	Ethanol extract	[123]
	Fennel	Methanol extract	[123]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Ethanol extract	[138]
E. faecalis	Cinnamon	Diethyl ether extract	[76]
	Cumin	EO	[86,88]
	Basil	EO	[116]
	Fennel	Ethanol extract	[123]
	Fennel	Methanol extract	[123]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Ethanol extract	[138]
K. pneumoniae	Clove	Acetone extract	[27]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cinnamon	Acetone extract	[27]
		Diethyl ether extract	[76]
		EO	[79]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Garlic	Ethanol extract	[104]
	Galangal	Acetone extract	[133]
		Diethyl ether extract	[133]
		Methanol extract	[133]
	Black pepper	Ethanol extract	[138]
P. vulgaris	Thyme	Decoction	[62]
		EO	[52]
		Hydroalcoholic extract	[62]
		Infusion	[62]
	Garlic	Ethanol extract	[104]
	Fennel	Crude extract	[121]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
	Coriander	Ethanol extract	[131]
P. fluorescens	Clove	Powder	[19]
	Thyme	EO	[57,59,52]
	Cinnamon	EO	[78]
	Rosemary	Ethanol extract	[95]
L. innocua	Clove	EO	[23]
	Thyme	EO	[52,59,52]
	Fennel	Ethanol extract	[123]
	Fennel	Methanol extract	[123]
S. faecalis	Clove	Acetone extract	[27]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cinnamon	Acetone extract	[27]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cumin	Decoctions	[81]
		EO	[88]
		Infusions	[81]
S. enteritidis	Thyme	Hydrosol	[55]
	Garlic	Hydrosol	[55]
	Ginger	EO	[108]
M. luteus	Cinnamon	Diethyl ether extract	[76]
	Cumin	EO	[88]
	Galangal	Methanol extract	[135]
B. megaterium	Clove	Acetone extract	[27]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cinnamon	Acetone extract	[27]
		Ethyl acetate	[27]
		Methanol extract	[27]
	Cumin	EO	[88]
A. hydrophila	Cumin	EO	[88]
A. hydrophila	Garlic	Aqueous extract	[103]
S. epidermidis	Thyme	Decoction	[62]
		EO	[51]
		Hydroalcoholic extract	[62]
		Infusion	[62]
	Black pepper	Ethanol extract	[138]
C. albicans	Clove	EO	[22]
	Oregano	EO	[35,36]
	Thyme	EO	[51,57]
	Cinnamon	Hydrosol	[56,76]
	Cinnamon	Diethyl ether extract	[76]
	Cumin	EO	[83]
	Rosemary	EO	[92]
	Garlic	Ethanol extract	[104]
	Coriander	Aqueous-ethanol extract	[131]
		EO	[127]
		Ethanol extract	[131]
A. niger	Oregano	EO-rich fraction	[35]
	Cinnamon	Aqueous extract	[74]
	Cumin	EO	[83]
	Ginger	Aqueous extract	[74,109]
		EO	[109]
		Oleoresin	[109]
	Basil	EO	[113,116]
	Fennel	Acetone extract	[118]
	Fennel	EO	[118]
	Coriander	EO	[130]
	Galangal	Methanol extract	[135]
A. flavus	Basil	EO	[117]
	Fennel	Acetone extract	[118]
	Fennel	EO	[118]
F. oxysporum	oregano	Decoction	[39]
	ginger	EO	[109]
	basil	Extract	[115]
	coriander	EO	[130]
	coriander	Oleoresin	[130]
F. graminearum	Fennel	Acetone extract	[118]
	Fennel	EO	[118]
	Coriander	EO	[130]
	Coriander	Oleoresin	[130]
	Black pepper	Acetone extract	[136]
	Black pepper	EO	[136]
S. cerevisiae	Thyme	EO	[52]
S. cerevisiae	Cumin	EO	[86]