Table 15.
Antibacterial and antifungal activities of other spices.
| Spices | Type of Samples | Bacteria and Fungi | Main Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achillea species | Ethanol extract | K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, S. typhimurium, S. epidermis, E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans | Achillea species showed a broad spectrum of strong antibacterial activities against all tested microorganisms. | [140] |
| Achillea millefolium | Ethanol extract | S. aureus, S. enteritidis, E. coli, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, A. niger, C. albicans | The antibacterial activities of A. millefolium were greater or similar to other penicillin derivatives but lesser than Ampicillin. | [141] |
| Aframomum corrorima | Seeds, pods, leaves and rhizomes extract | A. flavus and Penicillum expansum | A. corrorima crude seed extract was the most active against A. flavus and P. expansum at concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. | [142] |
| Allium hirtifolium Boiss. | Hydromethanol extract | MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae | A. hirtifolium extract was effective against 10 species of pathogenic bacteria with MICs ranging from 1.88 to 7.50 mg/mL. | [143] |
| Allium roseum L. | Extracts of bulbs, leaves, flowers and seeds by 3 extraction methods | S. aureu, S. epidermidis, M. luteus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, S. typhimurium, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans | A. roseum extract showed very significant antimicrobial activities to strains such as C. albicans (MICs: 1.00–3.44 μg/μL) and E. coli (MICs: 2.00–3.44 μg/μL). | [144] |
| Allium ursinum L. | Pressurized-liquid extract | S. aureus and A. niger | A. ursinum extract showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with DIZs of 12 and 10 mm (two parallel determinations) and A. niger of 6 mm. | [145] |
| Amomum kravanh | EO | Different foodborne pathogens | A. kravanh EO exhibited the best antibacterial activities against B. subtilis and E. coli. | [146] |
| Anethum graveolens L. | EO and acetone extract | P. citrinum, A. niger, S. aureus, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa | EO and extract showed different but both effective activities against tested microorganisms. | [147] |
| Anethum graveolens L. | diethyl-ether extract | P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. luteus, E. faecalis, B. megaterium, S. aureus | A. graveolens extract affected all of the bacteria tested. | [148] |
| Anethum graveolens L. | EO | A. flavus | A. graveolens EO is the most effective against aflatoxin production. | [117] |
| Brassica jancea | EO | Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus | B. jancea EO could inhibit V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus inoculated sliced raw flatfish at 5 °C of storage. | [110] |
| Brassica jancea | Water extract | E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus | B. jancea extract showed good inhibitory action at 1% concentration. | [149] |
| Bunium persicum | Volatile compounds | F. oxysporum | B. persicum showed the strongest effect compared with other 51 spices and herbs. | [150] |
| Caesulia axillaris Roxb. | EO | A. flavus | C. axillaris EO showed complete inhibition against A. flavus at 1.0 μg/mL. | [151] |
| Capsicum froutescens | Ethanol extract | S. aureus | C. froutescens extract showed the highest activity. | [152] |
| Capsicum frutescens L. | n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of dried seeds | B. cereus, S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, C. albicans, C. krusei | Microwave assisted solvent extracts showed significant activities and n-hexane extract was effective against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, while ethyl acetate extract was effective against C. krusei. | [153] |
| Carum capticum | EO | Corynebacterium diphtheriae, S. aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella species, P. vulgaris | C. capticum was very effective against all tested bacteria. | [154] |
| Carum copticum | EO | S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, L. monocytogenes | C. copticum EO was the most effective against tested bacteria with MICs of 0.03–0.5 mg/mL compared with two other spices. | [155] |
| Cinnamomum burmannii | Methanol crude extract | B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella anatum | MIC and MBC for B. cereus were 625 and 2500 μg/mL respectively, for four other bacteria were more than 2500 μg/mL. | [156] |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Ultra-fine powder | E. coli, S. aureus, P. fluorescens, L. rhamnosus, B. thermosphacta | C. cassia powder significantly reduced the microorganisms tested at the concentration ≤2.5% w/v and the inhibitory effects were positive correlated with concentrations. | [19] |
| Cinnamomum tamala | Leaves EO | C. albicans, A. niger, A. fumigatus, R. stolonifer, Penicillium spp. | The MFCs of EO against all the tested fungi were 230 μg/mL. | [157] |
| Cinnamomum verum | Bark and leaf extracts and EO | Bacteria isolated from urine samples, and A. niger | C. verum oil possessed stronger antimicrobial activities than extracts. A. niger showed no growth in the presence of oil. | [158] |
| Cinnamomum verum | EO | E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, B. subtilis, A. flavus, C. albicans | C. verum EO treated group showed significant decrease in viable bacterial counts. | [159] |
| Cinnamomum verum | EO | S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi, E. coli, S. aureus, P. fluorescens, B. licheniformis | C. verum bark EO showed the best antibacterial activities with mean MICs ranging from 2.9 to 4.8 mg/mL. | [160] |
| Citrus aurantium L. | Ethanol extract | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. cereus | C. aurantium showed strong antimicrobial activities against tested bacteria. | [161] |
| Clinopodium ascendens | EO | S. aureus, S. faecium, S. mutans, Agrobacterium tumefasciens, E. coli, B. cinerea, C. albicans | C. ascendens exhibited remarkable activity against E. coli and was active against A. tumefasciens, S. aureus, and B. cinerea. | [162] |
| Corydothymus capitatus | EO | P. putida | C. capitatus EO was the most active with a MIC of 0.025% w/v and a MTC of 0.006% w/v. | [163] |
| Cotoneaster nummularioides | Leaves EO | B. cereus, S. aureus, Salmonella entrica, E. coli | The extract of C. nummularioides showed strong effects on two Gram-positive microorganisms tested with higher sensitivity for B. cereus (MIC: 3.125 mg/mL). | [164] |
| Croton hirtus | EO | E. coli, S. aureus | C. hirtus EO was effective against S. aureus with MIC of 512 μg/mL. | [165] |
| Cuminum nigrum L. | Polyphenolic compounds | B. subtilis, B. cereus, Enterobacter spp., E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Y. enterocolitica | C. nigrum extract possessed significantly inhibitory effects on B. subtilis, B. cereus, and S. aureus. | [166] |
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin | S. aureus | Antibacterial activity of curcumin against S. aureus was enhanced with the increase of the concentration. | [167] |
| Cunila galioides | EO from aerial parts | 15 bacterial species including Bacillus sp., L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, A. hydrophila, E. faecalis etc. | The oil of C. galioides citral efficiently controlled some microorganisms, showing both contact and gaseous activity. | [168] |
| Dichrostachys glomerata | Methanol extract | Providencia stuartii, P. aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae, E. coli, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae | D. glomerata extract inhibited the growth of all the 29 tested bacteria with MICs ≤ 1024 μg/mL. | [169] |
| Echinops giganteus | Methanol extract | Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra | The extract of E. giganteus was the most effective with MICs of 32 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, respectively against H37Ra and H(37)Rv, compared with other 19 spices. | [170] |
| Elettaria cardamomum | Ethanol extract | 4 strains of Gram-positive bacteria and 12 strains of Gram-negative bacteria | E. cardamomum extract was effective against a majority of the pathogens, MICs ranged from 9.4 to 18.75 mg/mL except E. coli, B. cereus, and E. cloacae which had a great sensitivity to the spice extract (MICs < 2.34 mg/mL). | [171] |
| Elettaria cardamomum | EO and various oleoresins | S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, A. terreus, Penicillium purpurogenum, F. graminearum, Penicillium madriti | The EO showed strong effects against bacteria tested at 3000 ppm, and the methanol and ethanol oleoresins gave the best results against A. terreus at 3000 ppm. | [172] |
| Eucalyptus globulus | Hydrodistillated extract | S. aureus, B. subtilis, L. innocua, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | E. globulus extract showed an inhibition effects against all the tested bacteria with MIC of 3 and 4 mg/mL. | [173] |
| Eucalyptus largiflorens | EO | A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. niger, Penicillium chryzogenum, P. citrinum | The leaf oil of E. largiflorens showed higher antifungal activities than four other Eucalyptus spices. | [174] |
| Eucalyptus radiata | EO | P. aeruginosa, E. coli , K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae | E. radiate showed better antibacterial activities with MICs ranging from 8 to 32μL/mL. | [175] |
| Eugenia caryophyllum Bullock and Harrison | Aqueous extract | S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli, S. epidermidis, L. plantarum, P. vulgaris | The MICs and MBCs against all tested bacteria ranged from 1 to 4 g/L and 2 to 8 g/L, respectively. | [176] |
| Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum | EO | A. alternate, F. oxysporum, R. solani | 100% fungistatic effects were observed with 40 ppm doses of F. vulgare oils. | [177] |
| Glaucium elegans | Methanol extract | E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, Bacillus anthracis, Proteus | G. elegans methanol extract had significant antibacterial effects. | [178] |
| Gloriosa superba Linn | Methanol extract and fractions in different solvent systems | C. albicans, Candida glaberata, Trichophyton longifusus, M. canis, S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, K. pneumonae, S. flexneri, S. typhimurium | The n-butanol fraction of G. superba showed excellent antifungal activities and chloroform fraction showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus. | [179] |
| Helichrysum species | Methanol extracts | 13 bacteria and 2 yeasts | All the extracts showed significant antimicrobial activities against all tested microorganisms. | [180] |
| 4 Helichrysum Mill. plants | Methanol extracts | A. hydrophila, Bacillus brevis, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, M. morganii, M. smegmatis, P. mirabilis, Y. enterocolitica, S. cerevisiae | The methanol extracts had antibacterial activities against the first six microorganisms listed. | [181] |
| horseradish | Aqueous extract | S. aureus | Horseradish water extract showed a higher biological activity. | [182] |
| Hyssopus officinalis L. | EO | A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium fulvum, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Trichoderma viride, C. albicans | All tested EO and deodorized extracts showed activities with the MICs ranging from 4 to 16 mg/mL. | [183] |
| Laser trilobum L. | Methanol extract | S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, B. cereus, A. hydrophila, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes, E. coli | The fruit extract had significant antimicrobial effects on pathogen bacteria. | [184] |
| Laurus nobilis | Ethanol extract | 4 Gram-positive bacteria and 12 Gram-negative bacteria | L. nobilis extract was effective in inhibiting a majority of the pathogens, MICs ranged from 4.7 to 9.4 mg/mL. | [185] |
| Laurus nobilis L. | EO and leaves ethanol, water and hot water extract | B. thermosphacta, E. coli, L. innocua, L. monocytogenes, P. putida, S. typhimurium, Shewanella putrefaciens | L. nobilis EO exhibited strong antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria. | [186] |
| Laurus nobilis L. | Aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts | B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans | Only aqueous extract of L. nobilis showed anticandidal activities among the tested 8 plants. | [187] |
| Lavandula officinalis | EO | L. innocua and P. fluorescens | L. officinalis EO showed the highest activity against L. innocua. | [188] |
| Lichen Xanthoria parietina | Acetone extract | S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, S. typhimurium, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, R. solani, Botridis cinerea, C. albicans | X. parietina acetone extract and parietin showed similar activities on the nine bacteria tested, but less active than parietin on the three fungi tested. | [189] |
| Lippia grandis Schauer. | EO | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. faecalis | The EO was effective against 75% of the microorganisms analyzed especially S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli. | [190] |
| Lippia javanica | Acetone and aqueous extracts | S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, E. coli, A. fumigatus, A. niger, M. canis, Microsporum gypseum, T. tonsurans, T. rubrum, T. mucoides, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium chrysogenum | The aqueous and acetone extracts were active against the bacterial strains, and the acetone extract exhibited the antifungal activities higher than even the reference drugs. | [191] |
| Lippia origanoides H.B.K. | EO | C. albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, S. aureus, Lactobacillus casei, S. mutans | L. origanoides EO showed highly significant inhibition zones for all microorganisms tested. | [192] |
| Litsea cubeba | EO | E. coli | The MIC and MBC of L. cubeba against E. coli were both 0.125% v/v. | [193] |
| Melissa officinalis L. | Ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts | Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus mycoides, B. subtilis, E. cloaceae, Erwinia carotovora, E. coli, Proteus sp., P. fluorescens, S. aureus | M. officinalis ethanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts significantly enhanced the effectiveness of tested preservatives (sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate). | [194] |
| Mentha piperita L. | EO | T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. schoenleinii, T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, M. fulvum | For effective concentration of M. piperita oil against tested antropophilic dermatophytes, and MICs ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 μL/mL. | [195] |
| Mentha spicata L. | hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of ethanol extract | Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella boydii, S. aureus, E. coli, Vibrio cholera, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae | M. spicata ethanol extract and its solvent fractions effectively inhibited half of the microorganism growth. | [196] |
| Myristica argentea | Water extract | E. coli and S. aureus | M. argentea were more effective against E. coli (MIC of 9.80 mg/mL) and S. aureus (MIC of 6.20 mg/mL). | [197] |
| Myristica fragrans | - | 20 different serogroups of E. coli, 8 serotypes of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, A. hydrophila | M. fragrans showed good anti-listerial activity, although activities against E. coli and Salmonella were serotype dependent. | [103] |
| Myristica fragrans | Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of flesh, mace and seed | S. mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum | Flesh ethyl acetate extract had the highest effects against tested bacteria with mean MICs ranging from 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL among all tested extracts. | [198] |
| Myrtus communis | EO | P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli, A. hydrophila, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans | M. communis EO exhibited antimicrobial activities against all tested microorganisms, especially Gram-negative bacteria. | [199] |
| Myrtus communis L. | Methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone extracts | S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis | The most effective extract was the methanol extract from M. communis leaves against S. aureus. | [200] |
| Myrica gale L. | EO | A. flavus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium expansum | A complete antifungal activity was observed at 1000 ppm of M. gale EO against Cladosporium cladosporioides. | [201] |
| Nepeta alpina | EO | Bacillus pumilus, E. coli, Kocuria varians, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, A. niger, A. flavus, C. glabrata | The EO was active against L. monocytogenes with MIC of 32 μg/mL. | [202] |
| Nigella saliva L. | Aqueous extracts | Uromyces appendiculatus | N. saliva extract was effective against U. appendiculatus and controlled rust similar to mancozeb fungicide at 2 and 3% concentrations. | [203] |
| Nigella sativa L. | n-hexan extract | 24 pathogenic, spoilage and lactic acid bacteria | N. sativa oil showed antibacterial activities against all the bacteria at all concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) tested. | [204] |
| Ocimum canum | EO | B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, Raoultella planticola, S. typhimurium, S. mutans | MICs of O. canum ranged from 0.43 to 2.08 μL/mL against 7 out of 10 bacteria tested. | [205] |
| Ocimum gratissimum L. | EO | A. flavus, A. niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sydowi, Aspergillus alternate, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium nivale, C. lunata, Cladosporium spp. | The EO exhibited antifungal activities against fungal isolates from some spices and showed better efficacy as fungi toxicant than prevalent fungicide Wettasul-80. | [206] |
| Ocimum sanctum | EO | A. flavus | MIC: 0.3 μL/mL. | [207] |
| Ocimum sanctum L. | EO | A. flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus orizae S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. flexneri | O. sanctum EO exhibited antimicrobial activities against all tested pathogens at concentrations of 0.125–32 μL/mL except P. aeruginosa. | [208] |
| Ocimum suave | EO | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. mutans, S. viridans, E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata | O. suave EO showed the strongest antibacterial activities with MICs ranging from 0.05 to 1.37 mg/mL. | [209] |
| Olea europaea L. | Methanol extract | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. enterica serovar Typhi, P. aeruginosa, Acetobacter calcoaceticus, C. albicans, P. vulgaris, S. faecalis, S. dysenteriae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, V. cholera, C. xerosis | O. europaea methanol extract showed strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes at MICs range of 31.25–62.5 μg/mL. | [210] |
| Origanum marjorana | Water extract | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | O. marjorana showed the lowest MICs against V. parahaemolyticus both in a nutrient rich and poor medium. | [211] |
| Origanum minutiflorum | EO | E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum | Whey protein based edible films incorporated with O. minutiflorum EO was the most effective at 2% level. | [212] |
| Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. | Methanol and aqueous extracts | V. parahaemolyticus | V. parahaemolyticus was more susceptible to 50–100% methanol extracts of O. stamineus. | [213] |
| Peganum harmala L. | Methanol extract | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. enterica serovar Typhi, P. aeruginosa, Acetobacter calcoaceticus, C. albicans, P. vulgaris, S. faecalis, S. dysenteriae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, V. cholera, C. xerosis | P. harmala seed showed MICs of 31.25–62.5, 250, 125–250, and 31.25–250 μg/mL, respectively for S. aureus, S. enterica serovar Typhi, Acetobacter calcoaceticus, and C. albicans. | [210] |
| Pimenta dioica L. | Alcoholic and hexane extracts | P. fluorescens, B. megaterium, A. niger, Penicillium sp. | Alcoholic and hexane extracts of P. dioica exerted significant inhibitory effects on both the bacteria and fungi. | [214] |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | EO of fruit | A. alternate, A. niger, A. parasiticus | The most sensitive fungus for P. anisum oil was A. parasiticus. | [215] |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | EO | 16 microorganisms | P. anisum EO exhibited strong antifungal activities against R. glutinis, A. ochraceus, and F. moniliforme. | [78] |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | EO | C. lipolytica, H. uvarum, Pichia membranaefaciens, R. glutinis, S. pombe, Z. rouxii, A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, F. moniliforme | P. anisum EO completely inhibited the growth of tested fungi. | [78] |
| Piper capense | EO | S. aureus, E. faecalis, C. albicans | P. capense showed moderate activities against tested microorganisms. | [216] |
| Piper guineense | powder | B. cereus, Bacillus coagulans, B. enterobacter sp., A. niger, R. stolonifer | P. guineense inhibited R. stolonifer at concentrations above 0.5%. | [217] |
| Phlomis oppositiflora | Methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate extracts and EO | E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, M. smegmatis, P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, B. megaterium, M. luteus, R. rubra, C. albicans, K. marxianus | P. oppositiflora contains antimicrobial components against various microorganisms. | [218] |
| Ramalina species | Acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts | E. coli and S. aureus | The MICs of all extracts ranged from 64 to 512 g/mL for all bacterial strains tested. | [219] |
| Rhus coriaria L. | 80% (v/v) aqueous alcohol extract | S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, S. flexneri | The MICs of R. coriaria extract against the tested bacteria ranged from 0.04% to 0.2%. | [220] |
| Rhus coriaria | Water extract | B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. typhimurium | R. coriaria extract was the most effective against the four bacteria tested. | [221] |
| Salvia officinalis L. | EO | 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi | Sage EO was more effective against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. sonei. | [92] |
| Salvia officinalis L. (sage) | 80% ethanol extract | Campylobacter coli, E. coli, Streptococcus infantis, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus | Sage extract showed the best antibacterial activities compared with four other plants, especially against Gram-positive bacteria and C. coli. | [222] |
| Salvia officinalis L. | EO | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., S. aureus | Microwave-EO of S. officinalis possessed good antibacterial activities than the hydrodistilled oil. | [223] |
| Salvia leriifolia | Methanol extract | S. aureus | S. leriifolia extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. | [224] |
| Santolina chamaecyparissus L. | EO | K. pneumonia and C. albicans | S. chamaecyparissus EO was very active against the two microorganisms listed. | [225] |
| Satureja cuneifolia Ten. | EO | E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, S. sonnei, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis | MICs of S. cuneifolia EO for tested bacteria were in the range of 600–1400 μg/mL. | [226] |
| Satureja kitaibelii | EO | 30 pathogenic microorganisms | S. kitaibelii EO showed significant activities against foodborne microbes (MIC: 0.18–25.5 μg/mL), multiresistant bacterial isolates (MIC: 6.25–50.0 μg/mL), and dermatophyte strains (MIC: 12.5–50.0 μg/mL). | [227] |
| Satureja wiedemanniana | EO | 37 Bacillus strains | Both S. wiedemanniana EO and its main component p-cymene exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against some Bacillus strains. | [228] |
| Satureja species | EOs | A. niger, Penicillium digitatum, B. cinerea, R. stolonifer | The EOs exhibited fungicidal activities against P. digitatum, B. cinereal, and R. stolonifer. | [229] |
| Silene laxa | Ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and acetone extract | P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, B. megaterium, E. cloacae, S. aureus | S. laxa leaves ethanol extract showed the best activities against P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, B. megaterium, while the methanol extracts of S. laxa fruits showed the best antibacterial activity against B.megaterium. | [230] |
| Summer savory | - | A. niger, A. alternate, A. parasiticus | 0.5% summer savory extract showed 100% inhibition till the seventh day of incubation. | [231] |
| Syzygium aromaticum L. | Water extract | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. enterica serovar Typhi, P. aeruginosa, Acetobacter calcoaceticus, C. albicans, P. vulgaris, S. faecalis, S. dysenteriae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, V. cholera, C. xerosis | S. aromaticum water extract showed antibacterial activities with MICs in the range of 31.25–250 μg/mL for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, S. enterica serovar Typhi, Acetobacter calcoaceticus, and P. aeruginosa. | [210] |
| Thymbra spicata L. | Decoction | F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, M. phaseoli, B. cinerea, R. solani, A. solani, A. parasiticus | T. spicata completely inhibited the mycelial growth of fungi and showed a complete fungicidal effect on molds. | [39] |
| Thymus capitata | EO | L. monocytogenes | MICs ranged from 0.32 to 20 mg/mL. | [232] |
| Thymus capitatus | EO | L. innocua, S. marcescens, P. fragi, P. fluorescens, A. hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Achromobacter denitrificans, E. amnigenus, E. gergoviae, Alcaligenes faecalis, Leuconostoc carnosum | T. capitatus EOs showed inhibitory effects on the 10 tested bacteria with MICs ranging from 1.87 to 7.5 μL/mL. | [233] |
| Thymus cappadocicus Boiss. | EO | 13 bacteria and 2 yeasts | T. cappadocicus EO showed great antimicrobial activities against microorganisms tested. | [234] |
| Thymus eigii | EO | M. luteus, B. megaterium, B. brevis, E. faecalis, P. pyocyaneus, M. smegmatis, E. coli, A. hydrophila, Y. enterocolitica, S. aureus, S. faecalis, S. cerevisiae, K. fragilis | T. eigii EO showed the highest antimicrobial activities compared with two other plants. | [235] |
| Thymus piperella | EO | L. innocua, S. marcescens , P. fragi, P. fluorescens, A. hydrophila, S. putrefaciens, A. denitrificans, E. amnigenus, E. gergoviae, A. faecalis, L. carnosum | T. piperella EO had inhibitory effects on 5 of the 11 bacteria tested. | [236] |
| Thymus serpyllum | EO | Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Aureobasidium sp. | 8 mg/disc EO of T. serpyllum has a good efficiency by inhibiting the germination of spores from 80% to 100%. | [237] |
| Trachyspermum ammi L. | EO | A. niger, A. flavus, A. oryzae, A. ochraceus, F. monoliforme, F. graminearum, Pencillium citrium, P. viridicatum, P. madriti, C. lunata | T. ammi EO exhibited a broad spectrum of fungi toxic behavior against all tested fungi. | [238] |
| Xylopia aethiopica | - | Sclerotium rolfsii | X. aethiopica extract was the most effective against S. rolfsii compared with four other spices. | [239] |
| Zanthoxylum piperitum | Polymeric procyanidin | S. aureus | A polymeric proanthocyanidin purified from the fruit of Z. piperitum, noticeably decreased the MICs of β-lactam antibiotics for MRSA. | [240] |
| Zanthoxylum schinifolium | EO | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae, E. coli | Z. schinifolium EO was particularly strong against S. epidermidis, with MIC 2.5 mg/mL. | [241] |
| Zataria multiflora Boiss. | 80% (v/v) aqueous alcohol extract | S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, S. flexneri | The MICs of Z. multiflora against the tested bacteria ranged from 0.4% to 0.8%. | [220] |