TABLE 2.
Associations between maternal intakes of refined grains per daily serving during pregnancy and offspring growth through the first 7 y of life1
| β (95% CI) | P2 | |
| Ponderal index, kg/m3 | ||
| Energy-adjusted model3 | 0.02 (−0.08, 0.13) | 0.66 |
| Model 14 | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | 0.62 |
| Model 25 | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.14) | 0.67 |
| BMIZ at 5 mo | ||
| Energy-adjusted model3 | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.43 |
| Model 14 | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.54 |
| Model 25 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.60 |
| BMIZ at 12 mo | ||
| Energy-adjusted model3 | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.72 |
| Model 14 | 0.001 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.99 |
| Model 25 | 0.003 (−0.06, 0.07) | 0.92 |
| BMIZ at 7 y | ||
| Energy-adjusted model3 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.02 |
| Model 14 | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) | 0.009 |
| Model 25 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.007 |
BMIZ, BMI z score.
P values were obtained by linear regression models.
Adjusted for energy (kilocalories per day).
Adjusted for energy (kilocalories per day), maternal age (years), parity (nulliparous or multiparous), socioeconomic status (low, middle, or high), prepregnancy BMI categories (kg/m2; <25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity during pregnancy (yes or no), and supplements during pregnancy (yes or no).
Adjusted for covariates in model 1 and intakes of red meat, processed and mixed meat, desserts and sweets, whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, potatoes, and oil, margarine, and butter (all in grams per day).