TABLE 3.
Adjusted RRs (95% CIs) for offspring risk of overweight or obesity at age 7 y in association with maternal refined-grain intake during pregnancy1
| Cases/total, n/n | Energy-adjusted model2 | Model 13 | Model 24 | |
| Quartile5 | ||||
| 1 | 25/136 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2 | 33/121 | 1.48 (0.89, 2.46) | 1.55 (0.93, 2.60) | 1.53 (0.92, 2.55) |
| 3 | 34/139 | 1.59 (0.94, 2.71) | 1.67 (0.98, 2.85) | 1.60 (0.92, 2.79) |
| 4 | 35/135 | 1.76 (1.05, 2.96) | 1.76 (1.06, 2.92) | 1.80 (1.09, 2.98) |
| P-trend across quartiles6 | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.032 | |
| Top decile7 compared with quartile 1 | 20/528 | 2.60 (1.23, 5.50) | 2.62 (1.29, 5.32) | 2.57 (1.32, 5.00) |
n = 531.
Adjusted for energy (kilocalories per day).
Model 1 was adjusted for energy (kilocalories per day), maternal age (years), parity (nulliparous or multiparous), socioeconomic status (low, middle, or high), prepregnancy BMI categories (kg/m2; <25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity during pregnancy (yes or no), and supplements during pregnancy (yes or no).
Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in model 1 and intakes of red meat, processed and mixed meat, desserts and sweets, whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, potatoes, and oil, margarine, and butter (all in grams per day).
Quartile 1: <1.8 servings/d; quartile 2: 1.8–2.5 servings/d; quartile 3: 2.6–4.2 servings/d; quartile 4: ≥4.3 servings/d.
Tests for linear trend were conducted across quartiles of refined-grain consumption by using the median value in each quartile as a continuous variable in the models.
Top decile: ≥5.3 servings/d.
Cases/total, n/n in the top decile of maternal refined-grain intake during pregnancy.