TABLE 4.
Adjusted RRs (95% CIs) for offspring risk of overweight or obesity at age 7 y according to maternal intake of refined grains during pregnancy stratified by offspring early-life factors1
| Breastfeeding duration |
Child’s physical activity at age 7 y |
Child’s intake of sugar-sweetened beverages at age 7 y |
||||
| <6 mo (n = 276) | ≥6 mo (n = 255) | <2 h/weekday (n = 340) | ≥2 h/weekday (n = 189) | ≥1/wk (n = 205) | <1/wk (n = 323) | |
| Quartile2 | ||||||
| 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2 | 2.24 (0.92, 5.46) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.24) | 1.43 (0.72, 2.81) | 1.53 (0.72, 3.23) | 1.47 (0.72, 3.03) | 1.22 (0.63, 2.37) |
| 3 | 3.80 (1.38, 10.5) | 0.99 (0.47, 2.07) | 1.71 (0.82, 3.55) | 1.52 (0.67, 3.43) | 1.92 (0.93, 3.98) | 1.09 (0.43, 2.74) |
| 4 | 3.13 (1.24, 7.93) | 1.29 (0.66, 2.51) | 1.92 (0.92, 4.00) | 1.44 (0.68, 3.07) | 1.91 (0.92, 3.97) | 1.20 (0.54, 2.68) |
| Top decile3 compared with quartile 1 | 7.11 (1.46, 34.5) | 1.04 (0.44, 2.47) | 4.50 (1.17, 17.3) | 1.56 (0.43, 5.63) | 5.14 (1.67, 15.9) | 2.35 (0.69, 8.01) |
n = 531. RRs were adjusted for energy (kilocalories per day), maternal age (years), parity (nulliparous or multiparous), socioeconomic status (low, middle, or high), prepregnancy BMI categories (kg/m2; <25.0, 25.0–29.9, or ≥30.0), smoking during pregnancy (yes or no), moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity during pregnancy (yes or no), supplements during pregnancy (yes or no), and intakes of red meat, processed and mixed meat, desserts and sweets, whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, potatoes, and oil, margarine, and butter (all in grams per day). P-interaction for maternal refined-grain intake by breastfeeding duration, child’s physical activity, and intake of sugar-sweetened beverages at age 7 y in relation to offspring risk of overweight or obesity at age 7 y = 0.14, 0.54, and 0.82, respectively.
Quartile 1: <1.8 servings/d; quartile 2: 1.8–2.5 servings/d; quartile 3: 2.6–4.2 servings/d; quartile 4: ≥4.3 servings/d. Quartile 1 was the reference group for quartiles 2–4 and the top decile.
Top decile: ≥5.3 servings/d.