TABLE 3.
ORs (95% CIs) of cardiometabolic risk factors among parents and children according to categories of screen time and leisure-time sports participation in the previous survey year: CHNS 2004–20091
| Screen time |
Leisure-time sports participation |
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| >1 and ≤2 h/d vs. ≤1 h/d (ref) |
>2 h/d vs. ≤1 h/d (ref) |
Any vs. none (ref) |
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| ≤1 h/d | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | None | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Parents | ||||||||
| High WHtR (n = 1900) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model2 | Ref | 1.62 (0.86, 3.07) | 0.14 | |||||
| Age 20–39 y | Ref | 1.10 (0.65, 1.87) | 0.71 | 1.05 (0.62, 1.80) | 0.85 | |||
| Age ≥40 y | Ref | 2.12 (1.32, 3.40) | 0.002 | 2.58 (1.56, 4.28) | <0.001 | |||
| Elevated BP (n = 1899) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.21 (0.94, 1.57) | 0.14 | 1.20 (0.91, 1.56) | 0.19 | Ref | 0.91 (0.58, 1.42) | 0.67 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 1.17 (0.90, 1.51) | 0.24 | 1.14 (0.87, 1.49) | 0.34 | Ref | 0.82 (0.52, 1.30) | 0.34 |
| Elevated HbA1c (n = 898) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 0.82 (0.49, 1.36) | 0.44 | 0.99 (0.58, 1.70) | 0.98 | Ref | 1.16 (0.49, 2.71) | 0.74 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 0.81 (0.49, 1.34) | 0.41 | 1.00 (0.59, 1.68) | 0.99 | Ref | 1.19 (0.51, 2.79) | 0.69 |
| High CRP (n = 881) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.52 (0.94, 2.46) | 0.09 | 1.03 (0.61, 1.75) | 0.91 | Ref | 1.38 (0.67, 2.83) | 0.38 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 1.45 (0.89, 2.38) | 0.14 | 1.05 (0.61, 1.81) | 0.85 | Ref | 1.50 (0.70, 3.19) | 0.30 |
| 1 risk factor (n = 1867) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 0.81 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.08 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.13 | Ref | 1.04 (0.69, 1.58) | 0.84 |
| ≥2 risk factors (n = 1878) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.63 (1.21, 2.19) | 0.001 | 1.61 (1.18, 2.20) | 0.003 | Ref | 1.31 (0.79, 2.17) | 0.29 |
| Children | ||||||||
| High WHtR (n = 1321) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model2 | Ref | 2.08 (1.06, 4.09) | 0.03 | 2.26 (1.06, 4.83) | 0.03 | Ref | 1.45 (0.84, 2.51) | 0.18 |
| Elevated BP (n = 1154) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 0.73 | 1.59 (1.06, 2.38) | 0.03 | Ref | 0.98 (0.71, 1.36) | 0.92 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 1.00 (0.70, 1.42) | 0.98 | 1.54 (1.03, 2.31) | 0.04 | Ref | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.95 |
| Elevated HbA1c (n = 234) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.34 (0.47, 3.81) | 0.58 | 1.47 (0.47, 4.57) | 0.51 | Ref | 0.67 (0.25, 1.80) | 0.43 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 1.10 (0.37, 3.20) | 0.87 | 1.29 (0.41, 4.02) | 0.66 | Ref | 0.71 (0.26, 1.92) | 0.50 |
| High CRP (n = 210) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 2.56 (1.07, 6.15) | 0.04 | 1.76 (0.70, 4.41) | 0.23 | Ref | 0.33 (0.16, 0.69) | 0.003 |
| Fully adjusted model with WHtR3 | Ref | 3.44 (1.32, 8.99) | 0.01 | 2.15 (0.76, 6.06) | 0.15 | Ref | 0.24 (0.11, 0.53) | <0.001 |
| 1 risk factor (n = 1229) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) | 0.21 | 1.19 (0.83, 1.70) | 0.34 | Ref | 0.98 (0.73, 1.30) | 0.91 |
| ≥2 risk factors (n = 1246) | ||||||||
| Fully adjusted model without WHtR2 | Ref | 2.02 (0.81, 5.01) | 0.13 | 3.03 (1.11, 8.29) | 0.03 | Ref | 1.09 (0.54, 2.20) | 0.82 |
We conducted separate random-effects logistic models for parents and children, with a random intercept for individuals and households. Models differed slightly in sample size due to missingness of some outcome measures. HbA1c and CRP were only measured in 2009. High WHtR: WHtR ≥0.5; Elevated BP: systolic BP or diastolic BP z scores ≥90th percentile of the age-, sex-, and height-specific BP percentile or BP ≥120/80 mm Hg for children using the US CDC 2000 growth curve reference; BP ≥120/80 mm Hg for adults; Elevated HbA1c: HbA1c ≥5.7%; Elevated CRP: 1–10 mg/L for children and 3–10 mg/L for adults. BP, blood pressure; CHNS, China Health and Nutrition Survey; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycataed hemoglobin; ref, reference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.
Models adjusted for baseline age (years), sex, household income (tertiles), geographic region (north, central, or south), survey year, year of study entry, highest parental education (none or primary, middle school, high school or technical, college or higher), smoking (yes or no), total energy intake (kilocalories per day; quartiles), total fat intake (percentage of total energy; quartiles), total fruit and vegetable intake (percentage of total energy; quartiles), sodium intake (milligrams per day; quartiles; BP models only), total PA (metabolic equivalent hours per week; quartiles), and snacking (yes or no).
Models additionally adjusted for WHtR.