Table 7.
Combined association of a high dietary intake of the studied heavy metals over the quantitative bone ultrasound, bone mineral density and volumetric bone mineral density.
| Combined High Dietary Intake of Heavy Metals | Combined Low Intake of Heavy Metals | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
| Quantitative bone ultrasound | |||
| Ad-SoS (m/s) | 2038.5 (1995.25–2086) | 2041 (2006.5–2095) | 0.424 |
| Bone mineral density (gr/cm2) | |||
| BMD Femoral neck | 0.829 (0.770–0.914) | 0.842 (0.782–0.906) | 0.766 |
| BMD Femoral trochanter | 0.692 (0.609–0.746) | 0.676 (0.622–0.730) | 0.515 |
| BMD Ward’s triangle | 0.602 (0.543–0.687) | 0.620 (0.547–0.680) | 0.836 |
| BMD L2 | 1.032 (0.954–1.103) | 0.995 (0.941–1.053) | 0.013 |
| BMD L3 | 1.059 (0.977–1.14) | 1.034 (0.975–1.091) | 0.051 |
| BMD L4 | 1.026 (0.954–1.124) | 0.994 (0.934–1.097) | 0.071 |
| BMD lumbar spine | 1.042 (0.965–1.106) | 1.004 (0.947–1.069) | 0.023 * |
| Volumetric BMD (mg/cm3) | |||
| Total density | 339.25 (310.525–375.7) | 335.2 (301.9–366.1) | 0.2 |
| Trabecular density | 295.7 (271.9–321.95) | 301 (273.65–324.25) | 0.004 |
| Cortical density | 185.05 (162.275–207.2) | 168.3 (148.55–193.25) | 0.922 |
| Bone morphometry (mm2) | |||
| Total area | 133 (122.2–144.625) | 135.4 (123.6–145.9) | 0.722 |
| Trabecular area | 458.15 (417.575–525.6) | 469.6 (418.55–515.2) | 0.662 |
| Cortical area | 161.9 (149.7–176.8) | 165.7 (151.25–178.6) | 0.619 |
* p = 0.037 after further adjustment by energy intake.