Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of trajectory groups (mean (standard deviation), or n (%)).
| Total | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | Class 5 | Statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Relatively Healthy | Moderately Improving | Steadily Deteriorating | Steeply Deteriorating | Persistently High Comorbid | |||
| n = 6010 | n = 4087 (68%) | n = 475 (7.9%) | n = 741 (12.33%) | n = 108 (1.8%) | n = 599 (9.97%) | |||
| Ascribed factor | Age | 55.05 (3.13) | 54.99 (3.17) | 55.46 (3.02) | 54.97 (3.04) | 53.81 (2.31) | 55.50 (3.08) | F(6010) = 11.20 *** |
| Race | (8) = 106.31 *** | |||||||
| Caucasian | 4635 (77.12) | 3296 (80.65) | 339 (71.37) | 537 (72.47) | 75 (69.45) | 388 (64.77) | ||
| African American | 1016 (16.91) | 580 (14.19) | 100 (21.05) | 158 (21.32) | 21 (19.44) | 157 (26.21) | ||
| Others | 359 (5.97) | 211 (5.16) | 36 (7.58) | 46 (6.21) | 12 (11.11) | 54 (9.02) | ||
| Female | 3545 (58.98) | 2288 (55.98) | 271 (57.05) | 511 (68.96) | 57 (52.77) | 418 (69.78) | (4) = 153.18 *** | |
| Childhood factor | Poverty | 1608 (26.76) | 923 (22.58) | 145 (30.53) | 246 (33.20) | 41 (37.96) | 253 (42.24) | (4) = 135.62 *** |
| Self-rated health a | 1.95 (0.01) | 1.77 (0.94) | 2.26 (1.13) | 2.15 (1.08) | 2.22 (1.14) | 2.63 (1.23) | F(6010) = 119.33*** |
|
| Parental education | (8) = 206.82 *** | |||||||
| Less than HS | 1181 (19.65) | 895 (21.90) | 72 (15.15) | 118 (15.92) | 16 (14.82) | 80 (13.36) | ||
| HS graduates | 3498 (58.20) | 2132 (52.16) | 336 (70.73) | 504 (68.02) | 71 (65.74) | 455 (95.96) | ||
| College or higher | 1331 (22.15) | 1060 (25.94) | 67 (14.11) | 119 (16.06) | 21 (19.44) | 64 (10.68) | ||
| Adulthood factor | Marital status b | (8) = 146.66 *** | ||||||
| Constantly married | 3178 (52.88) | 2349 (57.47) | 229 (48.21) | 341 (46.02) | 48 (44.44) | 211 (35.22) | ||
| Constantly unmarried | 2014 (33.51) | 1197 (29.29) | 185 (38.95) | 291 (39.27) | 42 (38.89) | 299 (49.92) | ||
| Status changed | 818 (13.61) | 541 (13.24) | 61 (12.84) | 109 (14.71) | 18 (16.67) | 89 (14.86) | ||
| Work status b | (8) = 1.10 *** | |||||||
| Constantly worked | 2428 (40.40) | 2057 (50.33) | 134 (28.21) | 179 (24.16) | 20 (18.52) | 38 (6.34) | ||
| Never worked | 1463 (24.34) | 599 (14.66) | 176 (37.05) | 243 (32.79) | 26 (24.07) | 419 (69.95) | ||
| Status changed | 2119 (35.26) | 1431 (35.01) | 165 (34.74) | 319 (43.05) | 62 (57.41) | 142 (23.71) | ||
| Education | (8) = 593.42 *** | |||||||
| Less than HS | 1075 (17.89) | 463 (11.33) | 123 (25.89) | 182 (24.56) | 31 (28.70) | 276 (46.08) | ||
| HS graduates | 2051 (34.12) | 1349 (33.01) | 185 (38.95) | 304 (41.03) | 34 (31.48) | 179 (29.88) | ||
| College or higher | 2884 (47.99) | 2275 (55.66) | 167 (35.16) | 255 (34.41) | 43 (39.81) | 144 (24.04) | ||
| Monthly income ($) | 5883.11 (8665.44) | 7050.52 (11,406.2) | 4143.79 (7127.3) | 3835.93 (3947.54) | 4111.71 (5789.76) | 2148.95 (3426.09) | F(6010) = 48.86 *** | |
| Logged income | 10.47 (0.02) | 10.77 (1.48) | 10.06 (1.84) | 10.13 (1.69) | 9.94 (2.29) | 9.31 (2.02) | F(6010) = 130.97 *** | |
| Income change b | (12) = 534.62 *** | |||||||
| High maintaining Increased |
765 (12.73) 2156 (35.87) |
654 (16.00) 1549 (37.90) |
40 (8.42) 158 (33.26) |
55 (7.42) 248 (33.47) |
4 (3.70) 32 (29.63) |
12 (2.00) 169 (28.21) |
||
| Decreased | 2206 (36.71) | 1516 (37.09) | 174 (36.63) | 283 (38.19) | 54 (50.00) | 179 (29.88) | ||
| Low maintaining | 883 (14.69) | 368 (9.00) | 103 (21.68) | 155 (20.92) | 18(16.67) | 239 (39.90) | ||
| Health status | ||||||||
| CES-D | 1.71 (2.11) | 1.04 (1.52) | 3.06 (2.38) | 2.27 (2.09) | 1.31 (1.55) | 4.59 (2.36) | F(6010) = 629.17 *** | |
| Functional limitation | 2.88 (2.76) | 1.51 (1.36) | 6.02 (1.77) | 4.23 (2.04) | 1.46 (1.31) | 8.35 (1.72) | F(6010) = 3390.53 *** | |
| N of chronic diseases | 1.24 (1.23) | 0.86 (0.94) | 1.74 (1.22) | 1.81 (1.19) | 1.25 (1.06) | 2.76 (1.50) | F(6010) = 515.14 *** | |
| Obesity (N, %) | 2057 (34.23) | 1121 (27.43) | 200 (42.11) | 370 (49.93) | 35 (32.41) | 331 (55.26) | (4) = 296.05 *** | |
| Self-rated health | 2.68 (1.15) | 2.25 (0.93) | 3.48 (0.96) | 3.26 (0.97) | 2.81 (1.02) | 4.28 (0.81) | F(6010) = 826.19 *** |
a higher values indicate poorer health; b the category variables were created based on change and stability observed during the whole observation period, significance level of p-value *** p < 0.001; HS: High school.