Table 2.

Characteristics of depressive symptoms group trajectories in the non-poor group (mean (standard deviation), or %) (N = 1668).

	Entire	High to Moderate 5.3% (n = 88)	Steeply Increasing 11.5% (n = 192)	Stable Low 83.2% (n = 1388)	Statistics
Demographics
Age	72.7 (6.3)	75.1 (7.3)	74.7 (6.7)	72.2 (6.1)	F(2,1665) = 20.247 ***
Education (≤six years)	66.7%	87.5%	79.7%	63.5%	$x^2$(2) = 37.924 ***
Income status ($, log mean value)	7.2 (0.5)	7.1 (0.5)	7.2 (0.6)	7.2 (0.5)	F(2,1665) = 2.279
Constantly non-poor	73.2%	60.3%	71.9%	74.1%	$x^2$(2) = 5.513
Marital status (ref. constantly married)	54.9%	29.5%	39.1%	58.6%	$x^2$(4) = 54.530 ***
Constantly unmarried	40.0%	67.0%	53.6%	36.4%
Status changed	5.2%	3.4%	7.3%	5.0%
Health factors
Chronic diseases (ref. constantly no diseases)	19.5%	13.6%	6.3%	21.7%	$x^2$(4) = 35.964 ***
Constantly having diseases	67.1%	81.8%	78.6%	64.6%
Status changed	13.4%	4.5%	15.1%	13.7%
Functional limitations (ref. constantly no disability)	64.5%	46.6%	37.0%	69.9%	$x^2$(6) = 125.181 ***
Constantly having disability	5.8%	17.2%	8.3%	4.8%
Increased	18.5%	13.8%	42.7%	14.8%
Decreased	11.1%	22.4%	12.0%	10.4%
Cognition (ref. constantly normal)	36.3%	10.3%	11.5%	41.6%	$x^2$(6) = 121.166 ***
Constantly low and dementia risk	33.1%	58.6%	57.3%	28.0%
Improved	10.1%	17.2%	4.7%	10.7%
Declined	20.4%	13.8%	26.6%	19.7%
Social factors
Social participation (ref. constantly participated)	49.9%	44.8%	33.9%	52.7%	$x^2$(6) = 55.933 ***
Constantly non-participated	18.5%	31.0%	31.8%	15.8%
Increased	13.6%	8.6%	7.8%	14.7%
Decreased	18.0%	15.5%	26.6%	16.8%
Contact frequency with close social network (ref. no change)	60.1%	58.6%	50.5%	61.8%	$x^2$(4) = 26.013 ***
Increased	19.6%	19.0%	15.6%	20.3%
Decreased	20.3%	22.4%	33.9%	18.0%

Note: Significance level of p-value *** p < 0.001.