Table 2.
Comparison of families in the study with a participating father and those without a father available to participate.
| Characteristics | Families with a Participating Mother and Father | Families with a Non-Participating Father | Families with Non-Participating Mother | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) † | 626 (24.2) | 1895 (73.1) | 71 (2.7) | |
| Case status | ||||
| Case | 392 (62.6) | 869 (45.9) | 45 (63.4) | <0.01 ** |
| Control | 234 (37.4) | 1021 (53.9) | 25 (35.2) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.3) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Country | ||||
| Vietnam | 251 (40.1) | 697 (36.8) | 14 (19.7) | <0.01 |
| Philippines | 195 (31.2) | 530 (28.0) | 18 (25.4) | |
| Honduras | 119 (19.0) | 546 (28.8) | 11 (15.5) | |
| Morocco | 61 (9.74) | 122 (6.4) | 28 (39.4) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 384 (61.3) | 1051 (55.5) | N/A | <0.01 ** |
| Female | 239 (38.2) | 841 (44.4) | ||
| Missing | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | ||
| Cleft type | ||||
| CL | 99 (25.3) | 225 (25.9) | N/A | 0.98 |
| CLP | 220 (56.1) | 490 (56.4) | ||
| CP | 67 (17.1) | 140 (16.1) | ||
| Missing | 6 (1.5) | 14 (1.6) | ||
| MATERNAL FACTORS—according to mother | ||||
| Age at birth, years | ||||
| mean (SD) | 27.2 (6.0) | 27.2 (6.1) | Not collected | 0.89 |
| Education level | ||||
| University | 159 (25.4) | 461 (24.3) | Not collected | 0.26 |
| Secondary | 313 (50.0) | 934 (49.3) | ||
| None/Primary | 150 (24.0) | 468 (24.7) | ||
| Missing | 4 (0.6) | 32 (1.7) | ||
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 340 (54.3) | 1040 (54.9) | Not collected | 0.91 |
| Employed | 275 (43.9) | 818 (43.2) | ||
| Missing | 11 (1.8) | 37 (2.0) | ||
| Mother cleft status & mother’s family history of clefts | ||||
| Yes | 99 (15.8) | 211 (11.1) | Not collected | <0.01 |
| No | 525 (83.9) | 1675 (88.4) | ||
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | 9 (0.5) | ||
| Location during pregnancy | ||||
| Rural | 277 (44.3) | 820 (43.3) | Not collected | 0.76 |
| City | 301 (48.1) | 913 (48.2) | ||
| Missing | 48 (7.7) | 162 (8.6) | ||
| PATERNAL FACTORS—according to father | ||||
| Age at birth, years | ||||
| mean (SD) | 30.6 (7.0) | Not collected | 31.6 (7.5) | 0.26 |
| Education level | ||||
| University | 178 (28.4) | Not collected | 18 (25.4) | 0.33 |
| Secondary | 296 (47.3) | 29 (40.9) | ||
| None/Primary | 141 (22.5) | 23 (32.4) | ||
| Missing | 11 (1.8) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 26 (4.2) | Not collected | 2 (2.8) | 0.93 ** |
| Employed | 579 (92.5) | 67 (94.4) | ||
| Missing | 21 (3.4) | 2 (2.8) | ||
| Father’s cleft status & father’s family history of clefts | ||||
| Yes | 83 (13.3) | Not collected | 13 (18.3) | 0.23 |
| No | 543 (86.7) | 58 (31.7) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Chemical exposures | ||||
| Industrial chemical | 79 (12.6) | Not collected | 6 (8.5) | 0.31 |
| Agricultural chemical | 188 (30.0) | 17 (23.9) | 0.29 | |
| Radiation | 41 (6.6) | 5 (7.0) | 0.80 ** | |
| Lead | 21 (3.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0.50 ** | |
| Mercury | 11 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.61 ** | |
| Chemical waste | 24 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 0.16 ** | |
| Agent Orange (Vietnam only) | 6 (2.4) | 0(0) | 0.56 | |
| Pre-pregnancy alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 409 (65.3) | Not collected | 27 (38.0) | <0.01 ** |
| No | 213 (34.0) | 43 (60.6) | ||
| Missing | 4 (0.6) | 1 (1.4) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy tobacco use | ||||
| Yes | 244 (39.0) | Not collected | 18 (25.4) | 0.049 |
| No | 376 (60.1) | 53 (74.7) | ||
| Missing | 6 (1.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Frequency of tobacco use | ||||
| <1 | 22 (9.0) | Not collected | 2 (11.1) | 0.90 ** |
| 1–3 | 47 (19.3) | 4 (22.2) | ||
| 6–14 | 47 (19.3) | 5 (27.8) | ||
| 15–20 | 41 (16.8) | 2 (11.1) | ||
| 20+ | 82 (33.6) | 5 (27.8) | ||
| Missing | 5 (2.1) | 0 (0) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy cigarette use | ||||
| Yes | 232 (37.1) | Not collected | 16 (22.5) | 0.02 |
| No | 384 (61.3) | 55 (77.5) | ||
| Missing | 10 (1.6) | 0 (0) | ||
| Frequency of cigarette use | ||||
| <1 | 22 (9.5) | Not collected | 2 (12.5) | 0.82 ** |
| 1–3 | 42 (18.1) | 4 (25.0) | ||
| 6–14 | 44 (19.0) | 4 (25.0) | ||
| 15–20 | 39 (16.8) | 1 (6.3) | ||
| 20+ | 78 (33.6) | 5 (31.3) | ||
| Missing | 7 (3.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Father’s occupation | ||||
| Farmer | 272 (43.5) | Not collected | 26 (36.6) | 0.27 |
| Driver | 104 (16.6) | 11 (15.5) | 0.81 | |
| Mechanic | 60 (9.6) | 4 (5.6) | 0.27 | |
| Factory worker | 35 (5.6) | 6 (8.5) | 0.29 ** | |
| Carpenter | 62 (9.9) | 11 (15.5) | 0.15 | |
| Painter | 65 (10.4) | 3 (4.2) | 0.10 | |
| Welder | 58 (9.3) | 6 (8.5) | 0.82 | |
| Electrician | 41 (6.6) | 3 (4.2) | 0.61 ** | |
* X2 or ANOVA to for test for differences between families with and without a participating father. † Data given as number and column percentages unless otherwise noted. ** p-value given by Fisher’s Exact Test.