Fig. 1.

a. Sketch of the testing room showing the position of the three video cameras (V), the owner (O), the dog’s releasing point (D), the screen (S), the four containers (1, 2, 3, 4), the two informants (I1 and I2) and the baiter (B) in blue, who was only present in GLA condition. b. Photograph of informants and baiter (centre) in the Guesser Looking Away (GLA) test. Two female experimenters looked down and to the side in identical ways, while the third, male experimenter baited the containers behind the wooden screen and outside of the dog’s and the Guesser’s (left experimenter) but inside the Knower’s (right experimenter) view. Note that the looking side, the identity of the Knower, the position of the Knower, the position of the baited container and the container to be baited were changed pseudo-randomly across trials (see text) (colour figure online)