Table 3.

Risk factors associated with upgrade diagnosis HGD to SM or LV invasive cancer in univariate and multivariate analysis (reference, n = 389/SM or LV invasive cancer, n = 38)

Variables	Reference, n (%)	SM cancer, n (%)	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
			OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age >60	256 (65.8)	26 (68.4)	1.126	0.550–2.302	0.746	0.986	0.427–2.276	0.974
Mean age [year ± (SD)]	63.78 ± 8.32	65.19 ± 10.91
Male gender	308 (79.2)	29 (76.3)	0.847	0.386–1.861	0.680	0.529	0.209–1.342	0.180
HP infection	225 (57.8)	23 (60.5)	1.118	0.566–2.208	0.749	1.203	0.531–2.729	0.658
Gross type
Elevated (ref.)	112 (28.8)	15 (39.5)	1.000			1.000
Flat	126 (32.4)	7 (18.4)	0.415	0.163–1.054	0.058	0.443	0.150–1.314	0.142
Depressed	151 (38.8)	16 (42.1)	0.791	0.375–1.668	0.537	0.599	0.237–1.512	0.278
Central depression	189 (48.6)	23 (60.5)	1.623	0.822–-3.203	0.160	1.454	0.601-3.518	0.407
Nodular surface	153 (39.3)	23 (60.5)	2.365	1.196–4.676	0.011	2.746	1.246–6.053	0.012
Surface redness	190 (48.8)	25 (65.8)	2.014	1.001–4.052	0.046	1.974	0.890–4.379	0.094
Ulcer	64 (16.5)	9 (23.7)	1.576	0.712–3.3488	0.258	1.449	0.276–7.593	0.661
SM fibrosis	73 (18.8)	19 (50.0)	4.329	2.182–8.587	<0.001	3.958	1.822–8.596	0.001
Tumor location
Lower (ref.)	337 (86.6)	22 (57.9)	1.000			1.000
Upper	17 (4.4)	9 (23.7)	8.110	3.245–20.265	<0.001	6.652	2.357–18.772	<0.001
Middle	35 (9.0)	7 (18.4)	3.064	1.222–7.680	0.013	2.118	0.766–5.854	0.148
Tumor size >10 mm	196 (50.4)	33 (86.8)	6.499	2.485–16.996	<0.001	4.935	1.813–13.428	0.002
Mean size [mm ± (SD)]	11.86 ± 7.20	20.03 ± 11.65

HGD, high-grade dysplasia; SM, submucosa; LV, lymphovascular; HP, Helicobacter pylori