Table 3.
List of the analysed behaviours of the category “Indicators for arousal and negative emotional states” that were pooled for the variable “Relative Reactivity Score” with the definition, type of recording, and relative scientific literature that has previously associated the corresponding behaviours with arousal and negative emotional states in dogs
| Variable | Definition | Type of recording | Relative scientific literature |
|---|---|---|---|
| “Barking” | Characteristic short loud vocalization | Frequency | e.g. Tod et al. 2005; Siniscalchi et al. 2008; Schilder and van der Borg 2004 |
| “Whining” | Continuous high pitch vocalization | Frequency | e.g. Sheppard and Mills 2003; Siniscalchi et al. 2008; Quervel-Chaumette et al. 2016 |
| “Yawning” | Opening of the mouth to the apparently fullest extent with eyes closing | Frequency | e.g. Beerda et al. 1998, 2000; Bellaio et al. 2009; Kuhne et al. 2014; c.f. Sonntag and Overall 2014; Quervel-Chaumette et al. 2016 |
| “Scratching” | Scraping the own body with the claws of one hind leg | Frequency | e.g. Kuhne et al. 2014; Quervel-Chaumette et al. 2016 |
| “Lip licking” | A part of the tongue is protruding and moved to upper lip | Frequency | e.g. Beerda et al. 1998; Bellaio et al. 2009; Rehn and Keeling 2011; c.f. Sonntag and Overall 2014; Quervel-Chaumette et al. 2016 |
| “Shaking” | Rotating movements of the body | Frequency | e.g. Beerda et al. 1998, 2000; Siniscalchi et al. 2008; Bellaio et al. 2009; Pastore et al. 2011; Rehn and Keeling 2011; Kuhne et al. 2014; Quervel-Chaumette et al. 2016 |
| “Stretching” | Stretching out either both hind legs or both forelegs away from the body | Frequency | e.g. Rehn and Keeling 2011; Kuhne et al. 2014 |
| “Immobility/Freezing” | Immobile upright or sitting position with motionless head and tail for at least 1 s | Duration | e.g. King et al. 2003; Siniscalchi et al. 2008; c.f. Sonntag and Overall 2014; Travain et al. 2015; Kuhne 2016 |
| “Tail wagging” | Repetitive, lateral wagging movements of the tail | Duration | e.g. Pastore et al. 2011; Rehn and Keeling 2011 |
| “Panting” | Opened mouth while breathing short and quick | Duration | e.g. Sheppard and Mills 2003; Siniscalchi et al. 2008; Pastore et al. 2011; c.f. Sonntag and Overall 2014 |