Table 1.
An overview of tissue-engineered 3D skin models from human primary cells and their limitations
| Model | Commercial available | Advantages/disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reconstructed epidermis | Yes: EpiDerm™, EpiSkin™, SkinEthic™, epiCS® No: in house models |
+: differentiated epidermis from keratinocytes -: only keratinocytes, no dermal compartment present or immune cells |
[80, 81] |
| Pigmented Reconstructed epidermis | Yes: MelanoDerm No: in house models |
+: pigmented differentiated epidermis from keratinocytes and melanocytes -: no living dermal compartment, immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages or blood vessels present |
[27, 82] |
| Full-thickness skin models | Yes: EpiDerm-FT, Phenion-FT, LabSkin No: in house models |
+: differentiated epidermis on fibroblast-populated dermis -: no immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages or blood vessels |
[83–86] |
| Three layered skin model | No: in house models | +: differentiated epidermis on fibroblast-populated dermis on a adipocyte /ASC populated hypodermis -: no immune cells or appendages |
[16–18] |
| Full-thickness skin model containing EC | No: in house models | +: differentiated epidermis on fibroblast and endothelial cell (show vessel like structures) populated dermis -: no immune cells, adipose tissue, appendages or perfused blood vessels |
[14, 15] |
| Skin equivalent with integrated Langerhans Cells | No: in house model | +: pigmented skin model containing functional MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans -: no adipose tissue, appendages or blood vessels |
[19, 20] |
ASC adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells