Table 2.
An overview of tissue-engineered 3D skin models from cell lines and their limitations
| Epidermal component | Dermal component | Advantages/disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Keratinocytes | Fibroblasts | ||
| HPV-16 & HPV-18 immortalized human foreskin KCs | human foreskin dermal Fbs (primary) | +: bovine collagen matrix -: 1 component cell line -: no markers; disorganized and poorly differentiated (premalignant characteristics) |
[29] |
| HPV (CIN 612-9E cells) | J2 3 T3 murine feeder cells (subclone) | +: L1 major capsid protein: SG & SC (IHC) +: rat tail collagen I matrix -: Fbs murine origin |
[30] |
| HaCaT cells (spontaneous) | human dermal Fbs (primary) | +: K14, K1/10, INV, TGase, FIL, K2e & LOR (IHC) +: rat tail collagen I & DED matrix -: 1 component cell line -: prolonged culture time → epiboli-like configuration |
[31] |
| HaCaT cells (spontaneous) | MRC-5 (human fetal lung Fbs) (spontaneous) | +: K1, INV, TGase1, K14 & LOR (IHC, WB and EM) +: collagen I matrix -: lung derived Fbs |
[32] |
| NIKS (immortalized near-diploid human KC cell line; spontaneous) | human neonatal Fbs (primary) | +: morphology, K14 & FIL (IHC and EM) +: collagen I matrix -: 1 component cell line |
[35–37] |
| hTERT-immortalized foreskin KCs | human foreskin Fbs (strain B256) | +: HE and K13 (IHC) +: collagen matrix -: 1 component cell line |
[38] |
| hTERT-immortalized foreskin KCs | hTERT-immortalized foreskin Fbs (BJ-5ta) | +: morphology, K5, K10, INV, LOR, COLIV, LAM5, VIM & COLIII (IHC and EM) +: collagen/elastin matrix |
[39] |
| Cdk4 overexpressing (and TERT immortalized) foreskin KCs | BJ normal human newborn foreskin Fbs (spontaneous) | +: K14, p63, INV, COLIV, LAM5 & VIM (IHC) compared with NS +: collagen matrix |
[40, 41] |
| SCC-12B2; SCC-13 (spontaneous?) | normal human dermal Fbs (primary) | +: K10, K16, K17, Integrin β4, LAM332, INV, Axl & COLIV (IHC) (malignant characteristics) +: rat tail collagen matrix -: 1 component cell line |
[42, 43] |
| Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) immortalized KCs | J2 3 T3 murine feeder cells (subclone) | +: rat tail collagen I matrix -: deficiencies in differentiation and stratification -: Fbs murine origin |
[44] |
| Y-27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) immortalized KCs | - | +: K14, K10, INV, TGase 1, LOR, FIL & LCE2 (IHC) +: DED matrix -: only epidermal component; no Fbs and matrix |
[45] |
| H9 hES cells (differen-tiated to epithelial cells) | normal human Fbs (primary) | +: p63, K10, INV & FIL (IHC) compared with NS +: rat tail collagen matrix -: 1 component cell line |
[46] |
Axl transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, COL collagen, DED de-epidermized dermis, EM electron microscopy, ES embryonic stem cells, Fb fibroblast, FIL filaggrin, HFKs human foreskin keratinocyte, HPV Human papilloma viruses, IHC immunohistochemical staining, INV involucrin, K keratin, KC keratinocyte, LAM laminin, LCE2 late cornified envelope 2, LOR loricrin, NS normal skin, SC stratum corneum, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, SG stratum granulosum, TGase 1 transglutaminase 1, VIM vimentin, WB Western Blot