Table 1.

Characteristics of studies assessing the public health and/or economic impact of dairy products for fracture prevention

First author	Country	Publication year	Method	Outcomes	Intervention	Intervention effects
1. Lotters	Netherlands, France, Sweden	2013	Model	PH: costs, number of hip fractures, DALY	Increasing dairy foods consumption	Not reported
2. Hiligsmann	Belgium	2015	Markov microsimulation model	CE: cost per QALY gained	Calcium and vitamin D supplementation (compared with no treatment)	18% hip; 13% VFX; 20% other
3. Ethgen	Belgium	2015	Population-based model (using Markov microsimulation model)	PH: fractures avoided, life years gained; CE: cost per fracture avoided; cost per life year	Daily administration of one, two, or three portions of a yogurt fortified with vitamin D	18% hip; 13% VFX; 20% other
4. Ethgen	Belgium	2016	Markov microsimulation model	CE: cost per QALY gained	Daily administration of one, two, or three portions of a yogurt fortified with vitamin D	18% hip; 13% VFX; 20% other
5. Sandmann	Germany	2016	Spreadsheet-based model	PH: costs, fracture prevented; CE: benefit-cost ratio	Food-fortification programmes	9% or 25% hip; 14% VFX; 11% other
6. Hagen	Norway	2016	Markov model	CE: cost per QALY gained	Calcium and vitamin D supplementation (compared with no treatment)	16% hip; 11% VFX; 15% other
7. Hiligsmann	France	2017	Markov microsimulation model	PH: fractures prevented, QALY gained, life years gained; CE: cost per QALY gained	Recommended intake of vitamin D-fortified dairy products (2 products per day in base case)	16% hip; 14% VFX; 11% other

CE cost-effectiveness, DALY disability-adjusted life years, PH public health, QALY quality-adjusted life years, VFX vertebral fracture