Table 3.

Economic impact of the use of dairy products for fracture prevention

Study	Cost-effectiveness
Ethgen (2015)	Using cost per fracture avoided as outcome, dairy products at a yearly cost of €350 are cost-effective from 70 years on in the general population and from 60 years on in patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures
Hiligsmann (2015)	The cost per QALY gained of vitamin D/calcium supplementation was estimated at €40,578 and €23,477 in women and men aged 60 years, respectively. These values were €7912 and €10,250 at the age of 70 years and vitamin D and calcium supplementation was cost-saving at the age of 80 years
Ethgen (2016)	The daily intake of two yogurts is cost-effective above 80 years in the general population and above 70 years in women at increased risk of fractures
Sandmann (2016)	Vitamin D and calcium food fortification programme is cost-saving (annual net cost savings and better outcomes resulting from fracture prevention)
Hagen (2016)	The cost-effectiveness of calcium and vitamin D supplementation was estimated at €14,453 per QALY gained for the average 65-year-old Norwegian women assuming no cardiovascular effects
Hiligsmann (2017)	The cost per QALY gained of appropriate dairy intake (2 dairy products per day) was estimated at €58,244 in the general French population aged over 60 years and fall below a threshold of €30,000 per QALY gained in women over 70 years and in men over 80 years

QALY quality-adjusted life years