. 2017 Mar 24;26(7):1785–1798. doi: 10.1007/s11136-017-1519-3

Table 5.

Time trade-off (TTO) utility scores (N = 208)

Health states^a	Mean utility^b	SD	95% CI	Disutilities: difference from health state 1
Health states^a	Mean utility^b	SD	95% CI	Mean	SD
1. Basic health state (HIV)	0.862	0.144	0.842–0.881	–	–
Basic health state plus ART risks
2. Risk of renal problems	0.844	0.149	0.824–0.864	0.018	0.043
3. Risk of bone problems	0.836	0.157	0.815–0.858	0.025	0.078
4. Risk of cardiovascular problems	0.813	0.158	0.792–0.835	0.049	0.084
Basic health state plus other medical conditions
5. Stage 3 CKD	0.797	0.175	0.773–0.821	0.065	0.102
6. Stage 4 CKD	0.672	0.279	0.634–0.710	0.189	0.232
7. Stage 5 CKD	0.266	0.447	0.205–0.327	0.596	0.440
8. Post-myocardial infarction	0.805	0.165	0.782–0.827	0.057	0.091

ART antiretroviral treatment, CKD chronic kidney disease

^aHealth states 2 to 8 include the basic health state, plus an additional risk (in health states 2–4) or medical condition (in health states 5 to 8)

^bTTO scores are on a scale anchored with 0 representing dead and 1 representing full health