Table 1.
Clinical characteristics in patients with type 2 diabetes
| Insulin (−) (N = 216) | Insulin (+) (N = 86) | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63 ± 12 | 66 ± 12 | 0.031 |
| Gender (% female) | 38 | 42 | 0.610 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 15 | 130 ± 16 | 0.031 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 13 | 75 ± 15 | 0.774 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 4.6 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 0.172 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 29.4 (20.3–36.5) | 22.9 (17.2–30.3) | 0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle index | 6.7 (5.9–7.6) | 6.4 (5.8–7.2) | 0.263 |
| Body fat (%) | 33.6 ± 7.1 | 34.3 ± 8.5 | 0.549 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 6 (3–9) | 10 (3–18) | <0.001 |
| Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (%) | 2 | 17 | <0.001 |
| Previous cardiovascular disease (%) | 11 | 9 | 0.729 |
| Current smoking (%) | 11 | 13 | 0.501 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.7 ± 15.4 | 61.9 ± 15.4 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 1.4 | |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.37 (1.02–2.35) | 1.15 (0.89–2.02) | 0.034 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.49 ± 0.42 | 1.58 ± 0.45 | 0.133 |
| TG/HDL cholesterol ratio | 2.15 (1.39–3.95) | 1.91 (1.13–3.78) | 0.271 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.82 (2.41–3.34) | 2.84 (2.22–3.49) | 0.416 |
| AST (U/l) | 23 (21–32) | 21 (19–25) | 0.004 |
| ALT(U/l) | 23 (17–35) | 18 (15–27) | 0.001 |
| γ-GTP (U/l) | 35 (22–62) | 31 (20–46) | 0.051 |
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 312 (274–364) | 312 (262–372) | 0.648 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 22 (14–59) | 32 (14–133) | 0.042 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 75.5 ± 19.7 | 69.6 ± 27.6 | 0.035 |
ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration ratio, GTP glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, TG triglycerides