Table 3.

Factors associated with 1-year change in skeletal muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes

	SMI		SMI in the upper extremities		SMI in the lower extremities
	Standardized β	p-values	Standardized β	p-values	Standardized β	p-values
Univariate	(A-R2 = 0.114)		(A-R2 = 0.001)		(A-R2 = 0.119)
Insulin	0.177	0.041	−0.023	0.760	0.169	0.045
Age- and gender-adjusted	(A-R2 = 0.117)		(A-R2 = 0.008)		(A-R2 = 0.123)
Insulin	0.175	0.042	−0.012	0.873	0.174	0.038
Age	−0.064	0.471	0.074	0.328	−0.049	0.514
Gender	−0.021	0.983	0.054	0.468	−0.042	0.575
Multivariate 1	(A-R2 = 0.165)		(A-R2 = 0.008)		(A-R2 = 0.197)
Insulin	0.195	0.025	−0.012	0.892	0.213	0.015
Age	−0.139	0.132	0.074	0.328	−0.071	0.387
Gender	0.024	0.771	0.054	0.468	−0.030	0.682
Duration of diabetes	−0.301	0.001	NS		−0.182	0.021
Body mass index	−0.188	0.036	NS		−0.220	0.005
Multivariate 2	(A-R2 = 0.177)		(A-R2 = 0.018)		(A-R2 = 0.215)
Insulin	0.184	0.042	−0.023	0.768	0.173	0.035
Age	−0.062	0.554	−0.035	0.664	−0.024	0.782
Gender	0.007	0.933	0.061	0.427	−0.018	0.810
Duration of diabetes	−0.298	0.001	NS		−0.166	0.038
BMI	−0.208	0.042	NS		−0.180	0.027
Change in BMI	0.080	0.418	0.094	0.228	0.138	0.075
Change in HbA1c	−0.097	0.272	−0.054	0.497	−0.044	0.562

A-R ² adjusted R², BMI body mass index, NS not selected in the model, SMI skeletal muscle index