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Simplified model for the biosynthesis of modular ascarosides in C. elegans. Long-chain ascaroside precursors undergo multiple rounds of peroxisomal β-oxidation to produce Coenzyme A esters of short-chain ascarosides such as ascr#9. Subsequently, short-chain ascarosides (or their CoA esters) may undergo 4′-modification in acidic lysosome-related organelles (LROs). I3C =indole-3-carboxy, suc-oct =N-succinyl octopamine.
