Table 3.

Summary of density based manipulation.

Magnetic liquids	Applications	Flow-based	Analytes	Performance	References
1 MnCl2 GdCl3	Density measurements	No	Foods and liquids	Density accuracy of ±0.0002 to ±0.02 g mL-1	[37]
1 GdCl3	Teaching reaction Kinetics	No	Leucine on solid supports and amine derivatives	Experiment Performed in Approximately 1 h	[81]
1 GdCl3	Compound identification and reaction monitoring	No	Amine derivatives on polystyrene supports	Derivative identified in 15 min	[36]
1 MnCl2 GdCl3 Gd·DTAD	Density measurements and food identification	No	Foods and liquids	1 pL to 1 mL sample volumes	[82]
1 GdDTPA	Protein analysis	No	BCA on PEGA supports	Real time protein quantification in several hours	[38]
1 GdDTPA	Protein analysis	No	BCA/sulfonamide on PEGA supports	Determination of protein diffusion coefficients	[40]
1 GdDTPA	Fabrication of living material	No	Hydrogel and cell seeded microbeads	Contactless spatial arrangement of living material	[90]
2 MnCl2 MnSO4	Protein analysis and immunoassays	No	Biotin and streptavidin on polystyrene supports	Improved real time protein quantification within 1 h	[87]
2 Na2S2O	Cell monitoring	No	RBCs, WBCs, and PMNs	Real time morphological and spatial monitoring of cells	[39]
2 Gd solution (gadavist)	Cell density measurements	No	RBCs, WBCs, and various cancer cell lines	Density resolution of ±0.0001 g mL-1	[43]
2 Gd solution (gadavist)	Microsphere density measurements	No	Polystyrene supports	Digital density measurements in under 6 min	[44]
2 GdCl3 Gd·DTPA	Flow-based density separation	Yes	Microsphere supports	0.10 to 0.25 μL min-1 flow rates	[35]
2 Gd solution (gadavist)	Sickle cell anemia detection	No	RBCs	Results in 10 min	[91]
2 Gd solution (gadavist)	Blood count test	No	RBCs and WBCs	Blood counts within 15 min	[45]

¹Non-microfluidic manipulation and

²microfluidic manipulation.