Table 4.

Summary of magnetic liquids biocompatibility.

Magnetic liquids	Concentrations	pH	Cell type	Short-term viability	Long-term proliferation	References
Gd·DTPA	0, 4, 40, and 200 mm	7.2	NIH 3T3 cells/ Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Survived and grew over 2 d at 40 mm/ Viability was similar at all concentrations	0-40 mm didn't inhibit the cell growth/ 40 and 200 mm inhibit cell division	[31]
Gd·DTPA	39, 79 and 240 mm	NA	HaCaT cells	90% at 39 mm and 87% at 79 mm after 3 h, died at 240 mm	NA	[20]
Gd·BOPTA/Gd·DOTA/Gd·HP·DO3A	0, 10, 25, 50, 85, and 100 mm	NA	Jurkat cells	∼40% on 1st d at 100 mm/∼75% on 1st d at 100 mm/>90% on 1st d at all concentrations	25-100 mm inhibited the cell division/Cells proliferated normally below 25 mm/Cells proliferated almost normally at all concentrations	[96]
Gd solution	0, 30, 50, and 100 mm	Neutral	JH-EsoAd1 cells	∼100% at all concentrations on 1st d	Maintained normal proliferation rates over 5 d	[43]
1 BSA coated ferrofluid	0, 15, 30, and 45 mg mL-1	NA	HUVECs	>95% at all concentrations up to 2 h	Maintained normal proliferation rates (to confluence)	[25]
1 Citrate stabilized ferrofluid	0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 mm	7.4	Red blood cells	75%	NA	[24]
1 Graft copolymer functionalized ferrofluid	0.30%, 0.79%, and 1.03% v/v	6.8	Red blood cells/ HeLa cells	100 % at all concentrations up to 2 h/ ∼90 at all concentrations up to 2 h	NA	[65]
2 EMG 408 ferrofluid	1.1% v/v	∼7	Escherichia coli/ Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Remained almost unchanged viability over 2 d	NA	[30]
2 EMG 408 ferrofluid	0.3% v/v	∼7	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	10% reduction in the number of cells over 24-48 h	NA	[67], [71], [73]

¹Custom-made ferrofluids and

²commercially available from Ferrotec Corporation.