Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted hierarchical models for the association between wealth index and predictors

Urban					Rural
Variable	Unadjusted Univariate Analyses	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Unadjusted Univariate Analyses	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Year
1993	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
1998	0.10	0.08	−0.13	−0.12	0.09**	0.08**	−0.003	0.01
2003	0.13	0.14	−0.12	−0.09	0.19***	0.19***	0.08*	0.08**
2008	0.46**	0.44**	0.07	0.13	0.32***	0.31***	0.16***	0.18***
Age	0.01**	0.01**	0.01***	0.01***	−0.002**	−0.001**	0.01***	0.01*
Gender
Male	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
Female	−0.08*	0.03	0.16***	0.21***	−0.07***	−0.27***	−0.13*	−0.11 *
Partner
No	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
Yes	0.24***	0.23***	0.15***	0.19***	−0.05***	−0.25***	−0.27*	−0.24*
Education
No education	(Ref)	--------------------	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	----------	(Ref)	(Ref)
Some primary	0.04		0.23***	0.22**	0.12***		0.21***	0.20***
Primary	0.19**		0.41***	0.38***	0.32***		0.44***	0.39***
Some secondary	0.60***		0.78***	0.75***	0.46***		0.60***	0.57***
Secondary	0.93***		1.14***	1.08***	0.75***		0.87***	0.82***
Higher	1.66***		1.81***	1.70***	1.38***		1.45***	1.41***
District
Nairobi	(Ref)	-------------------	-------------------	(Ref)	--			--
Central	−0.61***			−0.49***	(Ref)	----------	----------	(Ref)
Coast	−0.68***			−0.47***	−0.57***			−0.41***
Eastern	−0.53**			−0.36***	−0.32***			−0.25***
Nyanza	−0.67***			−0.66***	−0.56***			−0.48***
Rift Valley	−0.57***			−0.50***	−0.41***			−0.33***
Western	−0.70***			−0.64***	−0.54***			−0.48***

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001, ref = reference group

Unadjusted analyses between wealth index and each covariate of interest Adjusted analyses entered in blocks based on theoretical relationships – block 1: demographics, block 2: socioeconomic, block 3: region