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. 2017 Jun 27;7:4305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04677-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of bilateral inactivation of the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and the insular cortex (Ins) on oxaliplatin-induced cold hypersensitivity. (a) Representative Nissl-stained section showing brain microinjection sites from oxaliplatin-treated macaques. The yellow dotted line indicates the needle track, and arrows indicate the direction of muscimol diffusion. Scale bar = 2 mm. The inset is a high-magnification photomicrograph of the needle track in the area shown by the box on the low-magnification photomicrograph. The injection sites were confirmed to be located within white matter beneath SII/Ins, within 2 mm from the boundary of the gray matter, in both muscimol-injected macaques and the vehicle-injected macaque. Scale bar in the inset = 200 μm. Cd. Caudate nucleus; PMd, dorsal premortor cortex; PMv, ventral premortor cortex; Pu, putamen; SI, primary somatosensory cortex. (b) Bilateral microinjection of muscimol to SII/Ins in oxaliplatin-treated macaques significantly increased mean withdrawal latency to 10 °C cold (***P < 0.001, compared to pre-muscimol injection (“Before”) Paired t-test), indicating an involvement of SII/Ins in cold hypersensitivity. No change in the withdrawal latency was observed in a vehicle-injected oxaliplatin-treated macaque. Values are expressed as mean ± SD.