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. 2017 Jun 27;7:4292. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04612-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ACF inhibits the growth of small, visually undetectable, HSR-GBM1-Luc xenograft growth in vivo. (A) HSR-GBM1-Luc xenografts were grown for 15 days. Treatment was administered by intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (DMSO in saline) or ACF (8 mg/kg) for 15 injections (indicated by arrows in (A)). Averaged luciferase activity (radiance) is shown. ****p < 0.0001 ACF vs. vehicle (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test). (B) BLI of representative (of the mean) animals are shown for the vehicle (top) and ACF-treated animals (bottom). (C) Alamar Blue in vitro growth assay was performed on HSR-GBM1-Luc cells freshly isolated from ACF-treated animals. Cells were treated in hypoxia (1% oxygen) with 0 (DMSO), 1, 5, 10, and 25 μM ACF. A representative analysis is shown.