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. 2017 Jun 27;7:4288. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04149-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Characterization of scaffolds. (A) Comparison of the ATR-FTIR spectra of unmodified and sulfonated silk. (B) Advancing contact angles of native SF and SF derivatives with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 volumes per 16 volumes of silk. (C) Micrographs of 3D printed scaffolds (3DG) (a), SF coated 3D printed scaffold (3DG-SF) (b) and SF derivatives coated 3D printed scaffold (3DG-SF-SO₃) (c). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of 3DG scaffold (d and g), 3DG-SF scaffold (e and h), and 3DG-SF-SO₃ scaffold (f and i), with (g,h,i) at high magnification. The thickness of each layer is 100 μm, and the whole thickness of printed gelatin and gelatin coated with sulfonated silk fibroin scaffold is 1 mm. Scale bars, 500 μm.