Table 1.
Reported effects for major compounds from different honeybee products.
| Product | Compound | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Honey | H2O2 | Antimicrobial activity | Brudzynski et al., 2011 |
| MGO | Antimicrobial activity | Mavric et al., 2008 | |
| Defensin-1 | Antimicrobial activity | Kwakman and Zaat, 2012 | |
| Trihydroxyketone | Apoptosis induction and p65, NF-KB and IL-6 repression in PC-3 cancer cells | Kassi et al., 2014 | |
| Royal Jelly | MRJP-1 | Block of mannose receptors in human phagocytic cells | Molan and Rhodes, 2015 |
| MRJP-1 | Induction of TNF-α and MMP-9 in keratinocytes | Majtan et al., 2010 | |
| MRJP-1 | Increase of fecal bile acids and cholesterol excretion | Kashima et al., 2014 | |
| MRJP-1 oligomer | Promotion of Jurkat lymphoid cell proliferation | Moriyama et al., 2015 | |
| MRJP-1 and MRJP-2 | Stimulation of TNF-α release from macrophages | Majtan et al., 2006 | |
| MRJP-3 | Suppression of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ production by antigen-stimulated T cells | Okamoto et al., 2003 | |
| Apalbumin 2a (MRJP-2 variant) | Antimicrobial activity | Bilikova et al., 2009 | |
| Jelleins | Antimicrobial activity | Fontana et al., 2004 | |
| Royalisin | Antimicrobial activity | Bachanova et al., 2002 | |
| Royalactin | Increase of lifespan in honeybees and other invertebrates | Detienne et al., 2014 | |
| 10-HDA | Antimicrobial activity | Alreshoodi and Sultanbawa, 2015 | |
| 10-HDA | Inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activation in murine macrophages | Sugiyama et al., 2012 | |
| 10-HDA | Inhibition of histone deacetylase | Makino et al., 2016 | |
| 10-HDA | Inhibition of synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| 10-HDA | Inhibition of IL-12 production by dendritic cells and of NO production by macrophages | Sugiyama et al., 2013 | |
| 10-HDA | Modulation of dendritic cell, Th1 and Th2 activity | Mihajlovic et al., 2013 | |
| 10-HDA | Increase of insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake | Takikawa et al., 2013 | |
| 10-HDA | Improvement of hyperlipidemic condition in rats | Xu et al., 2002 | |
| 10-HDA | Increase of longevity and oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans | Honda et al., 2015 | |
| 10-HDA | Increase of TGF-β1production and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts | Park et al., 2011 | |
| 10-HDA | Inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-3 release from rheumatoid arthritis fibroblasts | Yang et al., 2010 | |
| 10-HDA | Prevention of UVA-induced JNK/p38 activation and MMP-1 and MMP-3 upregulation in fibroblasts | Zheng et al., 2013 | |
| 10-HDA and 10-hydroxydecanoic | Inhibition of TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors | Terada et al., 2011 | |
| 10-HDA | Stimulation of neuron differentiation from rat embryo stem cells | Hattori et al., 2007 | |
| 3,10-dihydroxydecanoic acid | Stimulation of dendritic cell differentiation | Dzopalic et al., 2011 | |
| Sebacic acid | Antifungal activity | Melliou and Chinou, 2005 | |
| Propolis | CAPE | Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase | Costi et al., 2004 |
| CAPE | Suppression of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro | Zhang et al., 2003 | |
| CAPE | Antigingivitis activity | Li et al., 2017 | |
| CAPE | Inhibition of IL-5 and IFN-γ production | Wang et al., 2010 | |
| CAPE | Inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation by targeting NF-κB and AKT/PKB | Wang et al., 2010 | |
| CAPE | Anti-inflammatory effect by targeting NF-κB | Armutcu et al., 2015 | |
| CAPE | Modulation of ERK in T cells and mastocytes | Cho et al., 2014 | |
| CAPE | Regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway in human cells | Li et al., 2017 | |
| CAPE | Suppression of tyr kinase activity and induction of cell cycle arrest | Patel, 2016 | |
| CAPE | Block of cancer cell migration and invasiveness | Tseng et al., 2016 | |
| CAPE | Voltage-gated sodium channel block in breast cancer cells | Fraser et al., 2016 | |
| CAPE | Selective inhibition of cancerous cell viability | Kuo et al., 2015 | |
| Artepillin C | Inhibition of CD4+ T cells, and of IL-2, IL-17, and IFN-γ release | Wang et al., 2010 | |
| Artepillin C | Antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells by targeting NF-κB | Zhang et al., 2013 | |
| Chrysin, galangin, CAPE, benzyl ferulate, benzyl isoferulate, pinostrobin, 5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid, and tectochrysin | Antiproliferative activity on different cancer cell lines | Catchpole et al., 2015 | |
| Chrysin | Antiproliferative effect on different cancer cells | Patel, 2016 | |
| Chrysin | TRAIL-induced caspase activation and STAT3 inhibition in cancer cells | Lirdprapamongkol et al., 2013 | |
| Chrysin | p38 and Bax activation in cancer cells | Pichichero et al., 2011 | |
| Galangin, pinocembrin, and CAPE | Inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase | Speciale et al., 2006 | |
| Galangin | Proapoptotic effect on cancer cells | Zhang et al., 2013 | |
| Pinobanksin | Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase activation in cancer cells | Alday et al., 2015 | |
| Pinobanksin-3-acetate | Strong antioxidant effect | Boisard et al., 2014 | |
| 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid | TRAIL upregulation and repression of influenza A virus in mice | Takemura et al., 2012 | |
| Cardanol and cardol | Antiproliferative effect on different cancer cells | Teerasripreecha et al., 2012 | |
| Cardanol | Induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells with cyclin D downregulation | Buahorm et al., 2015 | |
| Nemorosone | Inhibition of MCF-7 cells by cell cycle block and of MAPK and AKT | Popolo et al., 2011 | |
| Bee venom | Melittin | Cytotoxic effect by disruption of phospholipid bilayers | Raghuraman and Chattopadhyay, 2007 |
| Melittin | Activation of TRPV receptors and release of algogens | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Melittin | Anti-inflammatory effect | Lee and Bae, 2016 | |
| Melittin | Inhibition of PDGFR-β signaling | Son et al., 2007 | |
| Melittin | Antimicrobial effect | Choi et al., 2015 | |
| Melittin | Apoptosis induction in ovarian cancer cells by DR3, DR4, DR6 upregulation | Jo et al., 2012 | |
| Apamin | Block of SK channels | Castle et al., 1989 | |
| Apamin | Antiatherosclerotic effect in mice | Kim et al., 2012 | |
| PLA2 | Allergenic effect | Okano et al., 1999 | |
| PLA2 | Treg activation in Parkinson’s mouse model | Chung et al., 2015 | |
| PLA2 | Activation of α2-adrenegic receptors in allodynia mouse model | Li et al., 2015 | |
| Hyaluronidase | Allergenic effect | Padavattan et al., 2007 | |
| Bi-VSP serine protease | Thrombin-like and plasmin-like fibrinolysis | Choo et al., 2010 | |
| Secapin | Serine protease inhibition and antimicrobial effect | Lee et al., 2016 | |
| Inhibitor cysteine knot peptide and Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor | Antimicrobial and insecticidal effects | Park et al., 2014 | |
| Tertiapin | Inward-rectifier K+ channel block | Drici et al., 2000 | |
| MCD | Mast cell degranulation and histamine release | Buku, 1999 | |
| MCD | Fast- and slow-inactivating K+ channel block | Mourre et al., 1997 | |
| Bee Pollen | Anethole | NF-KB pathway inhibition | Choi, 2007 |
MGO, methylglyoxal; MRJP, major royal jelly protein; 10-HDA, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid; CAPE, caffeic acid phenethyl ester; PLA2, phospholipase A2; MCD, mast cell degranulating peptide.