Table 2.
Regulatory factors and hormones for Leydig cell development.
| Leydig cell lineage | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | Stem (SLC) | Progenitor (PLC) | Immature (ILC) | Adult (ALC) | |
| GROWTH FACTORS | |||||
| Leukemia inhibitory factor | Ge et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC(↔) | ND | ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis(↔) |
| Desert Hedgehog | Clark et al., 2000; Park et al., 2007; Li et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↑ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| Platelet-derived growth factor-AA | Schmahl et al., 2008; Odeh et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↑ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| Platelet-derived growth factor-BB | Odeh et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↓ | ILC → ALC↓ | Steroidogenesis↓ |
| Kit ligand | Rothschild et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2017 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↑ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 | Baker et al., 1996; Hu et al., 2010b | SLC mitosis (↔) SLC → PLC↑ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| Transforming growth factor ↑ | Lin et al., 1987; Park et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis↓ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC mitosis↓ PLC → ILC↓ | ILC mitosis↓ ILC → ALC↓ | Steroidogenesis↓ |
| Anti-Müllerian hormone | Lyet et al., 1995; Sriraman et al., 2001; Salva et al., 2004 | SLC mitosis↓ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC mitosis↓ | ILC mitosis↓ | Steroidogenesis↓ |
| Activin A | Lin et al., 1989; Li et al., 2017 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↓ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↓ | Steroidogenesis↓ |
| Fibroblast growth factor 2 | Lin et al., 1989; Li et al., 2017 | SLC mitosis (↔) SLC → PLC↑ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| LH | Lin et al., 1989; Lei et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2001; Li et al., 2017 | SLC mitosis (↔) SLC → PLC(↔) | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↑ | Steroidogenesis↑ |
| Androgen | Lin et al., 1989; Kilcoyne et al., 2014; Li et al., 2017 | SLC mitosis↑ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC → ILC↑ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC↓ | Steroidogenesis↓ |
| Notch ligand | Tang et al., 2008; Defalco et al., 2013; Li et al., 2016 | SLC mitosis ↑ SLC → PLC↓ | PLC mitosis↑ PLC → ILC↓ | ILC mitosis↑ ILC → ALC(↔) | Steroidogenesis↓ |
↓, inhibition; ↑, stimulation; ↔, No effect.