. 2017 Jun 28;8:1194. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01194

Table 2.

Fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation of a mixed diet in a foregut model of rumen fermentation incubated with kefir (CTR), unaltered kefir (KEF), autoclaved kefir (AUT), or pasteurized kefir (PAS).

	CTR	KEF	AUT	PAS	SED	Significance
Fermentation products
Total VFA (mM)	60.0^c	63.2^ab	61.8^b	64.4^a	0.793	^∗∗
Acetate (%)	62.1^a	60.2^c	60.5^b	60.2^c	0.096	^∗∗∗
Propionate (%)	21.3^b	21.5^a	21.6^a	21.6^a	0.058	^∗∗
N-Butyrate (%)	1.02^b	1.16^a	1.15^a	1.14^a	0.023	^∗∗∗
C2:C3 ratio	2.91^a	2.80^b	2.81^b	2.79^b	0.010	^∗∗∗
NH₃-N (mM)	8.36^b	10.23^a	10.29^a	10.14^a	0.364	^∗∗∗
Lactate (mM)	0.38^c	0.63^bc	0.86^ab	0.94^a	0.150	^∗
Microbiology (log CFU +1)
LAB^†	5.74	5.38	5.37	5.52	0.176	NS
AAB^†	3.24	3.52	3.37	3.67	0.180	NS
Yeast	2.89	2.94	2.94	2.93	0.061	NS
Fermentation parameters
pH	6.61^a	6.52^b	6.48^b	6.48^b	0.039	^∗
c^¥	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.003	NS
a+b^∓	96.2^b	106.6^a	109.1^a	108.2^a	3.691	^∗

SED means Standard error of the difference between means (N = 4). ^∗P < 0.05; ^∗∗P < 0.01; ^∗∗∗P < 0.001; NS means P > 0.1. †LAB, lactic acid bacteria; AAB, acid acetic bacteria. ^¥Gas production rate, according to the following formula: Y = a + b (1 - e^(–ct)). ^∓Maximum potential of fermentation, expressed in mL of gas per gr of substrate. Within a row, means without a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).