Table 2.
Literature review about previous research on establishing axenic culture of protozoa and algae.
| Host microbes | Bacterial contamination | Protozoal growth | Combination of antibiotics | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. caudatum | Low bacterial contamination (103–104 bacteria/ml) | Entodinia could be maintained alive for only 3–4 days | Penicillin (1,400 U/ml) Streptomycin sulfate (570 μg/ml) Dihydrostreptomycin (570 μg/ml) Neomycin sulfate (570 μg/ml) | Coleman, 1962 |
| E. caudatum | Enabled inhibition of growth completely; no growth was seen up to 10 days | These axenic protozoa could be kept alive in the presence of dead bacterial cells for up to 3 weeks, but their growth was extremely slow | Carbenicillin (500 μg/ml) Aminobenzylpenicillin (500 μg/ml) Cephaloridine (500 μg/ml) Chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml) Leucomycin (100 μg/ml) | Hino and Kametaka, 1977 |
| Cellulolytic Flagellate Trichomitopsis termopsidis (from hindgut of termite) | Axenic status after 2 passages (in 30 days) | T. termopsidis did multiply w/10% (v/v) autoclaved rumen fluid + cellulose + GSH + serum, and antibiotics | Penicillin (1,000 U/ml) = 600 μg/ml Streptomycin (1 mg/ml) | Yamin, 1978 |
| Paramecium spp. | Axenic culture was maintained (Migration + adaptation medium plus antibiotics) | The ciliates can be maintain in the growth medium | Penicillin (100 U/ml), Streptomycin (100 μg/ml), and fungizone (0.25 μg/ml) | Allen and Nerad, 1978 |
| E. caudatum | Low bacterial contamination levels | Cell-free extract of mixed rumen bacteria adsorbed on activated charcoal was relieved the stress of low bacterial contamination | 50 μg/ml each of streptomycin, penicillin and chloramphenicol and sulphadrug | Onodera and Henderson, 1980 |
| Giardia ardeae | Axenic culture (confirmed through SEM) | Established in axenic culture using the TYI-S-33 medium | Bacitracin (50 μg/ml) Gentamicin (100 μg/ml) Penicillin (25 U/ml) Streptomycin (25 μg/ml) Amphotericin B (0.06 μg/ml) | Erlandsen et al., 1990 |
| E. exiguum & E. caudatum | The antibiotic solution effectively killed more than 99% of the bacteria in 4 h (bacterial counts using MPN) | Much better growth with live bacteria | Approximately, Penicillin (1250 U/ml) Streptomycin (81.25 U/ml) | Fondevila and Dehority, 2001 |
| Marine microalga Isochrysis galbana | Removal of bacteria was accomplished using a mixture of 5 antibiotics (axenic after 3 days incubation) | Similar growth with reference culture | Ampicillin (500 μg/ml) Gentamycin (100 μg/ml) Kanamycin (200 μg/ml) Neomycin (1 mg/ml) Streptomycin (100 μg/ml) | Cho et al., 2002 |
| Rumen ciliates: Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Isotricha intestinalis, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei | No PCR amplification of bacterial or archaeal 16S rRNA gene from the culture supernatant (48 h incubation) | Over 90% was maintained after 48 h with antibiotics mixture | Penicillin G potassium (100 μg/ml) Streptomycin sulfate (100 μg/ml) Kanamycin sulfate (100 μg/ml) 5-Fluorocytosine (50 μg/ml) Chloramphenicol (3.2 μg/ml) | Irbis and Ushida, 2004 |
| Tetrahymena spp. | Axenic culture | – | Neomycin (100 μg/ml), Kanamycin (100 μg/ml), Tetracycline (100 μg/ml) Normocin™(2 μl/ml) Normocin™, Penicillin (250 μg/ml), Streptomycin (250 μg/ml) Three-fold of Normocin™(6 μl/ml) | Cassidy-Hanley, 2012 |