Table 1.
Sample characteristics by parental migration status
| Current-LBC | Previous-LBC | Never-LBC | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/N (SD/%) | Mean/N (SD/%) | Mean/N (SD/%) | ||
| Primary caregiver | <0.001 | |||
| Grandparent | 1254 (65.2) | 252 (27.9) | 124 (17.8) | |
| Father | 150 (7.8) | 147 (16.2) | 138 (19.8) | |
| Mother | 390 (20.3) | 486 (53.7) | 431 (61.8) | |
| Other | 128 (6.7) | 20 (2.2) | 5 (0.7) | |
| Parents divorced | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1637 (85.5) | 812 (90.3) | 665 (95.6) | |
| Yes | 278 (14.5) | 87 (9.7) | 31 (4.5) | |
| Any sibling | 0.064 | |||
| No | 434 (22.5) | 170 (18.8) | 157 (22.4) | |
| Yes | 1494 (77.5) | 736 (81.2) | 544 (77.6) | |
| Household wealth | <0.001 | |||
| Poor | 185 (9.6) | 62 (6.8) | 53 (7.6) | |
| Fair | 1181 (61.3) | 564 (62.3) | 291 (41.5) | |
| Wealthy | 562 (29.2) | 280 (30.9) | 357 (50.9) | |
| Social support | 0.003 | |||
| Low | 122 (6.4) | 38 (4.3) | 38 (5.5) | |
| Fair | 780 (40.8) | 346 (38.8) | 238 (34.2) | |
| High | 1010 (52.8) | 507 (56.9) | 420 (60.3) | |
| School performance | 0.017 | |||
| Very poor | 155 (8.1) | 77 (8.5) | 58 (8.3) | |
| Poor | 375 (19.5) | 167 (18.5) | 117 (16.7) | |
| Fair | 849 (44.2) | 390 (43.1) | 277 (39.6) | |
| Good | 400 (20.8) | 188 (20.8) | 164 (23.4) | |
| Very good | 144 (7.5) | 83 (9.2) | 84 (12.0) | |
| Total difficulties score | 13.1 (5.1) | 13.3 (5.0) | 12.3 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Emotional symptoms | 3.9 (2.2) | 3.9 (2.2) | 3.5 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Conduct problems | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.5) | 0.130 |
| Peer problems | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperactivity | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (1.9) | 3.8 (1.9) | 0.021 |
| Pro-social behaviors | 7.2 (1.9) | 7.2 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.9) | 0.750 |
Means of age and SDQ scores are compared between groups by F tests. All other variables are categorical, and groups were compared by Chi-square tests