Fig. 6.

Results of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the first three principal components from a Principal Components Analysis of lipid composition from cuticle (C) and Dufour’s glands (D) from adult Osmia lignaria that were collected in either field (F) or laboratory (L) conditions. a, b Linear Discriminant 1 (LD1) showed clear contrasts among both cuticles and Dufour’s glands and whether bees were collected from the field or laboratory. a, c LD2 showed a distinction between laboratory and field bees. b, c LD3 showed some contrast between the lipid profiles of cuticles and glands of field bees