Table 2.

Characteristics of CMR techniques to assess myocardial strain with main advantages and disadvantages

CMR technique	How do they work	Advantages	Disadvantages
Acquisition methods
CMR tagging	Tracks magnetization tags	• Good tags tracking • Better reproducibility • Many validation studies	• Low spatial resolution • Tag fading • Long post-processing time • Low temporal resolution Long acquisition time
PVM	Encodes myocardial velocity, in the tree directions, in the phase of the signal
DENSE	Encodes tissue displacement into the phase of an image	• Good-quality strain in short acquisition time	• Low signal-to-noise ratio • Modest clinical experience
SENC	Uses magnetization tags parallel to the image plane combined with out-of-plane phase-encoding gradients	• Quick post-processing needed	• Tag fading • Modest clinical experience • Radial strain non-measurable
Post-processing method
CMR-FT (TT)	Tracks features in the image and recognizes them in the successive image of the sequence	• No additional image acquisition • Post-processing approach on existing data	• Through-plane motion artefacts • Limited by pixel size • No standardization

PVM phase velocity mapping, DENSE displacement encoding with stimulated echoes, SENC strain-encoded imaging, FT feature tracking, TT tissue tracking