Table 1.
Study characteristics
| References | Type of study | Visualization techniques (s) | Patients | F:M | BMI (range) [SD] | Age (range) [SD] | Included indication | Conversion | Complication | Camera system | OT (range) [SD] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aoki [15] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 14 | 6 | 8 | – | 61 (43–72) | SCL | – | 0 | HP | – |
| Ishizawa [16] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 52 | 23 | 29 | 23.2 (18.2–32.9) | 59 (28–78) | SCL | – | 0 | HP | 142 (91–366) |
| Ishizawa [31] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI, SI | 7 | 6 | 1 | 20.4 (16.6–27.4) | – | SCL | – | – | HP | – |
| Kaneko [32] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI, SI (9) | 28 | 18 | 10 | 20 (18–42) | 51 (22–78) | SCL | 0 | 0 | HP | 151 (98–343) |
| Buchs [26] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI, SI, Rbt | 12 | 8 | 4 | 28.5 (20–39) | 47 (31–69) | SCL | 0 | 0 | DVI | 85 (57–125) |
| Buchs [27] | NRCT | NIR-ICG vs. CI SI, Rbt | 44 | 31 | 13 | 27 [4.1] | 48 [12] | SCL | 0 | 3/23 (ICG) 1/21 (control) | DVI | 85 [22] |
| Dip [30] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 65 | 35 | 30 | 20 (16–40) | 42 (19–73) | SCL | – | – | KSE | 120 (30–80) |
| Schols [37] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 30 | 19 | 11 | 26.7 (19.7–36.8) | 53 (26–81) | SCL | 1 | 0 | KSE | – |
| Spinoglio [38] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI, SI, Rbt | 45 | 33 | 12 | 24.7 (19–43) | 48 (23–76) | SCL | 0 | 1 | DVI | 67 (35–110) |
| Tagaya [39] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI, SI (4) | 15 | 9 | 6 | (19.5–27.3) | 54 (37–69) | SCL | 0 | 0 | Os/HP | 88 (68–118) |
| Boni [25] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 52 | 31 | 21 | – | – | 17 SCL 35 ACC | – | 0 | KSE | 54 [13] |
| Dip [29] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 45 | 24 | 21 | 28.4 [6.5] | 49 [14.76] | 28 SCL 17 ACC | – | 0 | KSE | 66 [19] |
| Osayi [35] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 82 | 64 | 18 | 31.5 [8.2] | 43 [14] | SCL | – | 0 | SE | 78 [30] |
| Prevot [36] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 23 | 21 | 2 | – | 45 (18–81) | SCL | 0 | 2 | KSE | 72 (40–200) |
| Verbeek [41] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 14 | – | – | 25 (19–40) | 61 (26–76) | SCL | – | – | mF | – |
| Larsen [34] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 35 | 26 | 9 | 28 (19–38) | 48 (18–74) | 33 SCL 2 ACC | – | 0 | Os | 43 (22–135) |
| Van Dam [40] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 30 | 21 | 9 | 27.5 [4.3] | 50 [17] | SCL | – | 3 | Os | 71 [20] |
| Kono [33] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 108 | 49 | 59 | 23.5 (15.6–42.2) | 56 (19–92) | 102 SCL 6 ACC | – | – | HP | – |
| Dip [28] | PCH | NIR-ICG, CI | 71 | 42 | 29 | 53% > 30 47% < 30 | – | 53 SCL 18 ACC | – | 0 | KSE | – |
PCH prospective cohort, RCH retrospective cohort, NRCT non-randomized controlled trial, NIR near infrared, ICG indocyanine green, CI conventional image, SI single incision, Rbt Robot, F:M female versus male ratio, BMI body mass index (kg/m2) with [SD] or (range); Age, in years with [SD] or (range), SCL symptomatic biliary disease, ACC acute cholecystitis, HP Hamamatsu photonics, DVI Da Vinci System/Intuitive, KSE Karl Storz Endoskope, Os Olympus, mF mini-Flare, SE Stryker Endoscopy