Fig. 2.

a Shoot biomass (g ± SE) and b number of flower stalks in August (±SE) of Rorippa austriaca at the experimental sites in the core range edge (Czech Republic) and the newly colonized range (Germany and the Netherlands). Bars indicate means of plants originating from the core edge Czech region (CZ, five populations) and from regions in the novel range in Germany (G, two populations) and the Netherlands (NL, five populations). Light gray bars indicate the means with herbivory; dark gray bars indicate means when herbivores were excluded. N = 649. For statistics, see Table 2. For data on populations, see Supplementary Fig S1