Table 2.
Average percentage herbivore damage (SE) on Rorippa austriaca plants from three regions of origin—core edge Czech Republic (CZ), and the newly colonized areas Germany (G) and the Netherlands (NL)—at the experimental sites in each region
| Site | Plant origin | N | June | August |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | CZ | 42 | 0.5 (0.2) | 13.3 (2.6) |
| G | 20 | 0.3 (0.1) | 14.1 (4.0) | |
| NL | 50 | 0.2 (0.1) | 12.5 (2.3) | |
| Germany | CZ | 48 | 13.5 (1.6) | 19.0 (2.0) |
| G | 20 | 11.4 (2.7) | 15.5 (2.3) | |
| NL | 48 | 10.1 (1.1) | 12.5 (0.7) | |
| The Netherlands | CZ | 35 | 67.6a (5.2) | 31.2a (4.4) |
| G | 14 | 57.8ab (7.8) | 15.2b (2.9) | |
| NL | 38 | 51.5b (4.4) | 23.9ab (3.1) |
Data shown of the herbivory treatment only (open cages). Herbivore damage in the closed cages was on average 3% (±1%) in August for each experimental site and plant origin
Different letters indicate significant differences between plant origins at a site (post hoc Tukey tests P < 0.05)