Fig. 6.

Phosphorylation of the central insert of endophilin A1 controls its generation of membrane shapes. Apart from its N-terminal amphipathic helices at the tips of the BAR-domain dimer, endophilin A1 (dark and light blue moons) contains an additional pair of amphipathic helices (also termed central insert region). Shallow insertion of the amphipathic helices preferentially stabilizes small vesicles, whereas deep insert of these helices and tight contact of the BAR-domain with the headgroups of the membrane phospholipids favor membrane tubulation. Phosphorylation of the central insert region at S75 (red circles) by the Parkinson disease-associated kinase LRKK2 controls the membrane insertion depth of the amphipathic helices and thereby the type of membrane curvature generated by endophilin A1 [58]